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HARVARD UNIVERSITY

Library of the

Museum of

Comparative Zoology

Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology

AT HARVARD COLLEGE Vol. XCII, No. 1

THE LOWER MIOCENE MAMMAL FAUNA OF FLORIDA

By Theodore E. White

With Fourteen Plates

CAMBRIDGE, MASS., U. S. A.

PRINTED FOR THE MUSEUM

November, 1942

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i**^ Zoology

NOtf 20 3842

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No. 1. — The Lower Miocene Mammal Fauna of Florida By Theodore E. White

TABLE OF CONTEXTS

Palaeontology

a. Preface .

b. Systematic list

c. Summary Geology .

a. Local details

b. Paleogeography

c. Environment

d. Conclusions .

e. Geological literature

page

3

4

27

29

32

42

44

48

1. PALAEONTOLOGY

PREFACE

In the Spring of 1931, Mr. Clarence Simpson of the Florida State Geological Survey discovered some fragments of bone on the dump of an abandoned well on the Raeford Thomas farm, 8 miles north of Bell in Gilchrist Co., Florida. Later in the same year he opened a pit about 60 feet west of the old well. From this pit he obtained some vertebrate fossils which were studied by Dr. G. G. Simpson of the American Mu- seum of Natural History. Pure science had to give way to economic research in the Florida Survey, however, and the work in this area was set aside for an indefinite period. In 1938, Dr. Thomas Barbour, who had spotted the specimens in the Museum of the Florida Survey in Tallahassee, was given permission to continue the excavation. The next year, accompanied by Mr. and Mrs. William E. Schevill, he found and reopened the site and obtained some additional material. The Museum of Comparative Zoology has worked at this locality each year since, and plans to do so as long as the returns justify the expendi- tures. From the beginning the Museum has enjoyed the cordial co- operation of the Florida State Geological Survey.

4 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

I would like to call attention to Dr. Thomas Barbour's contribution to science in this enterprise. He initiated the reopening of the quarry and has been an enthusiastic supporter from the beginning. Credit is due, not so much that he gambled and won, but that he continued to gamble, in the face of adverse returns, on a project in which he had faith, for the results of the first year's work were not reassuring, nor were those of the second. It was not till the third year that the richness of the deposit and the scientific value of the fauna became apparent. In 1940 Dr. Barbour bought forty acres of land about the location of the excavation on the Thomas Farm from the Georgia Loan and Trust Co. in Macon, Georgia, which years ago had foreclosed a mortgage on the property. This land has now been deeded to the University of Florida at Gainesville under certain stipulations concerning its use by representatives of Harvard University, the University of Florida, or the State Geological Survey. Acknowledgment is also due to the Com- mittee on the Milton Fund of Harvard University as well as to those of the Marsh Fund and the Bache Fund of the National Academy of Sciences for grants which have cared for part of the expenses in connec- tion with the excavations and the preparation of the material.

Many helpful suggestions on the local geology and the paleogeo- graphy have been given by Prof. P. E. Raymond, Mr. H. C. Stetson, and Mr. Frank Whitmore.

The intelligent observations of specimens during preparation have made Mr. Russell Olsen's contribution very much more than an exhibi- tion of manual skill.

The superior quality of the graphic art of Mr. Eugene N. Fischer has portrayed the characters of the specimens much better than many printed pages.

The citations to literature relative to the fauna are given in the text. That prior to 1935 is given by year and letter corresponding to that in the published bibliographies. For material written since that date full reference is given.

SYSTEMATIC LIST

CARNIVORA

The Carnivora range in size from a small mustelid, no larger than a weasel, to the huge Amphicyon, as large as a grizzly. To date six genera, embracing eight species, have been identified. At least half as many more species are represented by material which will not permit even generic identification.

white: LOWER MIOCENE MAMMAL FAUNA OF FLORIDA o

MUSTELIDAE

Mephititaxus ancipidens White

Proc. New Eng. Zool. Club, 18, p. 92, PI. 14, figs. 1 and 2, 1942.

Unfortunately no additional material referable to this species has been found. In addition to this form, four genera of Mustelidae are known from fragmentary material. Two of the genera are represented by lower jaws without teeth and two by lower carnassials which cannot fit either of the jaws. Also there are three isolated first upper molars which may or may not represent one of the above genera.

CANIDAE Daphaenus caroniavorus spec. nov.

Type. M.C.Z. 3727 (Plate 1, fig. 1), left M1"3.

Horizon and Locality. Lower Miocene, L. Arikareean; Thomas Farm, Gilchrist Co., Florida.

Diagnosis. About the size of D. hartshornianus, protocone of M1 less well developed, paracone and metacone conical and larger, medial portion of tooth broader, protocone and metacone of M2 vestigial, paracone larger, medial end of tooth as broad as lateral, M3 button-like.

This species is only provisionally referred to this genus. The teeth appear to be somewhat degenerate, and when it becomes better known it may be necessary to erect a new genus for it.

Paradaphaenus nobilis (Simpson)

Plate 2, fig. 1 ; Plate 3

Cynodesmus nobilis Simpson. Fla. State Geol. Survey, Bull. 10, p. 17, fig. 1, 1932.

Two skulls, a nearly complete jaw, and several fragmentary jaws are referred to this species. Except for Amphicyon this is the largest canid yet found in the Florida Miocene. It is very nearly the same size as Cynodesmus thooides Scott.

Paradaphaenus tropicalis spec. nov.

Type. M.C.Z. 3729 (Plate 1, fig. 2), right half of palate with P4-M2.

6 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Paratype. M.C.Z. 3714 (Plate 4), left mandible with P4-M2.

Horizon and Locality. L. Miocene, L. Arikareean; Thomas Farm, Gilchrist Co., Florida.

Diagnosis. One-seventh (15%) smaller than P. nobilis, protocone and metacone of M2 better developed, hypoeone reduced.

Two skulls, a crushed rostrum, and some fragmentary jaws are referred to this species.

I have placed these two species in this genus on the character of the heel of Mi. Cope (1884 O, p. 900) says of Amphicyon cuspigerus: "The inferior sectorial tooth is characterized by its great robustness; the internal medial tubercle is much elevated, while the principal cusp is short. The heel is wide and basin-shaped, with the inner border as much elevated as the outer." Wortman and Matthew (1899 A, p. 129) made this species the type of a new genus, Paradaphacnus . Scott's figure (1895 C, PI. 1, Fig. 5) shows the entoconid of Mi as very much smaller than the hypoconid. Since the entoconid and hypoconid are nearly equal in nobilis and tropicalis, their affinities are with Para- daphaenus rather than Cynodesmus. The latter genus appears to be restricted to the Upper Miocene and the former is otherwise known only from the Upper John Day.

Amphicyon intermedius White

Proc. New Eng. Zool. Club, 18, p. 32, pi. 3-4, 1940.

Skeletal material and isolated teeth are the only additional material referable to this species. Its affinities are somewhat confused by the combination of advanced and seemingly retarded characters.

i

Amphicyon longiramus spec. nov.

Type. M.C.Z. 3919 (Plate 5), right mandible with P2-M2.

Horizon and Locality. L. Miocene, L. Arikareean; Thomas Farm, Gilchrist Co., Florida.

Diagnosis. Size and proportions very close to the jaws with skull referred by Matthew (1924 C) to A. sinapius, Pi and M3 single rooted, M3 with groove in the outer side of root but not on the inner side, P4 with heel and accessory cusp, two mental foramina.

white: LOWER MIOCENE MAMMAL FAUNA OF FLORIDA

Measurements
Length, condyle to incisors	328
" Pi to M3	153
" Mi	32
" M2	23
diastema C to Pi	18
P,-P2	6
P2-P3	10
Depth of jaw at posterior border of M2	60

This species is about one fourth larger than the preceding, and differs from it also in the double rooted P2 and in the single rooted M3.

In dental characters, in size, and in the relative proportions this form is difficult to distinguish from the jaws from the Snake Creek beds referred by Matthew (1924 C) to A. sinapins Matthew, and per- haps does not merit specific designation.

One of the peculiar features of this individual is that P4 developed but failed to erupt. The tip is gone from the tooth and perhaps was injured while the tooth was forming.

This genus presents many of the characteristics of being a hyper- pituitary Daphacnus. In fact, size is the principal character which separates the two genera. It seems to me that M3 of Daphaenodon is too much reduced for that genus to stand intermediate between Daphaenus and A mphicyon. It is more logical that it should be inter- mediate between Daphacnus and Cy nodes mm.

Xothocyon insularis spec. nov.

Type. M.C.Z. 3812 (Plate 1, fig. 3), right P4"2.

Referred Material. Portion of left maxilla with P4, an isolated un- erupted M1, and a left mandible with Mi.

Horizon and Locality. L. Miocene, L. Arikareean; Thomas Farm, Gilchrist Co., Florida.

Diagnosis. A large species of Nothocyon, metaconule of M1-2 well developed, hypocone of M1 conical with faint ridge anteriorly and pos- teriorly, hypocone of M2 elongate antero-posteriorly, postero-lateral angle of M2 nearly a right angle and not obtuse as Tomarctns. The lower jaw referred to this species is rather slender and lightly built. The first molar is the only tooth preserved but the distribution of the

8 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

sockets indicate that the anterior premolars were spaced. The cusps of Mi do not differ from those of Tomarctus.

Measurements

M1 M2

Length x Width 11.3x13.5 7.5x10.8

This species is provisionally referred to Nothocyon because of the spacing of the first and second molars, the quadrangular M2, and the conical hypocone on M1. It may eventually prove to be a primitive species of Tomarctus. It is well advanced toward that genus, however, but in nearly all species of that genus the postero-lateral angle of M2 approaches one-hundred and thirty-five degrees. This species is about the same size as Tomarctus thomsoni, but M1 is much narrower medially.

Tomarctus canavus (Simpson)

Plate 2, fig. 2; Plate 6

Cynodesmus canavus Simpson. Fla. State Geol. Survey, Bull 10, p. 19, fig. 4, 1932.

A crushed skull with P4 to M1 of both sides, a right mandible (M.C.Z. 3628) with P2 to Mi, and a jaw fragment with P4-M1 are referred to this species.

This form is only slightly larger than T. thomsoni but does not have the broad medial end of M1 of that species. M2 is missing but the sockets indicate that the postero-lateral angle of this tooth is the greatest in this form of any of the species of Tomarctus. In the lower jaw the premolars are spaced as in Nothocyon and probably were in the upper jaw.

Tomarctus thomasi White

Plate 7

Proc. New Eng. Zool. Club, 18, p. 94, pi. 14, fig. 3, 1941.

A crushed skull (M.C.Z. 3728) with nearly all of the teeth, a palate with most of the teeth, and a right lower jaw (M.C.Z. 3712) with P2 to M2 are referred to this species.

This species is not much larger than the preceding (6% as indicated by the molar-premolar length), but the individual teeth are about 12% larger and are crowded together as in T. brevirostris. As near as can be determined from the crushed skull with unworn teeth this species is very close to the skulls figured by Matthew (1924 C) and referred to T. brevirostris.

white: LOWER MIOCENE MAMMAL FAUNA OF FLORIDA

9

It seems reasonable to suppose that Matthew (1930 E) had the species thomsoni and minor in mind when he placed Cynodesmus

		Cams oorophayus

5			/ s PiiocLjon
	Aelur	'odon	Ostec	Sorus
	^J				* i i
O	Is		\ \		Cunoa	esmu5
		/		Ampn	Lcuon
0)		Paradcji	?/?aenus
	1		Tomai	-ctus	DaphaenoJon
	-*J
					s '
	Nothc	)cuon Daphc	'enus

Fig. 1 . Diagrammatic representation of the relationships of a few genera of American Tertiary dogs. Modified from Matthew (1930) and, Vanderhoof and J. T. Gregory (1940).

between Nothocyon and Tomarctus in his phylogenetic arrangement. Since these and other species have been removed from Cynodesmus,

10 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

it has become a monotypic genus. Certainly the affinities of Cynodes- mus thooides Seott are closer to Daphacnodon than to Nothocyon. In the light of the recent taxonomic changes (Vanderhoof and J. T. Gregory, Univ. Calif. Bull. Dept. Geol. Sei., 25, p. 160, 1940; and White, Proc. New Eng. Zool. Club, 18, p. 95, 1941.) it seems desirable to make some modifications in the graphic representation of the relation- ship of these genera. See Text fig. 1, which is modified from Mat- thew (1930 E) and Vanderhoof and J. T. Gregory (ibid, p. 145).

Two genera, Paradaphacniis and Nothocyon, of the fossil dogs found in this deposit are restricted to the Upper John Day and the Lower Rosebud of the great Plains. Two species of Tomarctus are present, one T. canavus, exhibits a less advanced character in the small size and in the spacing of the premolars, and the other appears to be more advanced and very similar to T. brevirostris. One of the species of Amphicyon (A. longiramus) is very advanced and very close to A. sinapius of the Middle and Upper Miocene. The affinities of the other species are not altogether clear. The specimen referred to Daphaenus appears to be somewhat degenerate and therefore worthless for corre- lation. On the whole the Canidae exhibit a basal Miocene aspect.

ARTIODACTYLA

While there is considerable variety among the artiodactyls (eight species and as many genera) found in these deposit, certain groups are conspicuously absent (Entelodontidae, Merycoidodontidae, and Agriochoeridae). Since they are so abundantly represented in the Miocene deposits of the Plains it seems reasonable to suppose that they did not inhabit Florida at this time. Of the artiodactyls present only the Cervidae and the Protoceratidae are represented by more than one specimen in each species.

TAYASSUIDAE

Floridachoerus olseni White

Proc. New Eng. Zool. Club, 18, p. 96, pi. 14, fig. 4, 1941.

A few isolated teeth are the only additional material of this species found. It appears to be more advanced than Desmathyus and less so than Prosthcnops.

WHITE: LOWER MIOCENE MAMMAL FAUNA OF FLORIDA 11

CAMELIDAE

OXYDACTYLUS FLORIDANUS Simpson

Fla. State Geol. Survey, Bull. 10, p. 35, figs. 20-21, 1932.

No additional material certainly referable to this form has been found. Concerning the affinities of this species Simpson (1932 D, p. 16) says: "Oxydactylus fioridanus belongs to a lower Miocene group, so far as its affinities can now be read, and appears to be a rather advanced member of that group. The Midway camels seem to be somewhat more progressive, although the evidence is very poor, and this may be illusory".

Paratylopus graxdis White

Proc. New Eng. Zool. Club, 18. p. 33, pi. 5, 1940.

No additional material certainly referable to this species has been found. Isolated molars and premolars are rather common, but it is difficult to be certain whether they belong to this form or to Oxydac- tylus. This is the largest species of this genus known, but its affinities are not altogether clear.

HYPERTRAGULIDAE

There are three genera of this family represented, all of which seem to be peculiar to this deposit. The smallest and more nearly normal is represented by a fragment of a right mandible with Dp2-3 and Mi. It seems better to withhold a specific diagnosis until better material is obtained.

Hypermekops genus nov.

Genotype, olseni spec. nov.

Diagnosis. A large brachyodont hypertragulid with three incisors in the premaxillary, fourth premolar and molars similar in form to those of Leptomeryx, P3 three rooted and probably with a median spur, P2 double rooted, elongate entero-posteriorly and without median spur, I1 to P1 caniniform and slightly recurved, I1 largest.

Hypermekops olseni spec. nov.

Type. M.C.Z. 3711 (Plate 8), a skull containing I1"2, P2 and 4, and M1"3 of the right side, and l1 and P4 to M3 of the left side.

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Horizon and Locality. L. Miocene, L. Arikareean; Thomas Farm, Gilchrist Co., Florida.

Diagnosis. Same as generic.

The skull was crushed flat when found but has been expertly re- stored for exhibition by Mr. Russell Olsen. Fully realizing the im- portance of this specimen, he performed this feat without disturbing the palate from the condition in which it was received at the museum. The bone of the anterior end of the snout was sufficiently dense and heavy so that the crushing did not shatter the bone but mashed it down in clean breaks which fitted together perfectly when the matrix was removed. Consequently there can be no doubt about the restora- tion of the end of the snout. There were good contacts for the pieces of bone of the dorsal side of the face all of the way back to the frontal crest. Both postorbital processes are complete so there can be no doubt about the position of the orbits. The occiput is moderately well preserved, and also the inferior and the antero-inferior borders of the orbits. Taking these into consideration there can be little doubt about the height of the frontal region of the skull.

The nasals are separated from each other and from the adjacent bones by suture. The exact nature of the fronto-nasal suture cannot be determined, but it appears to be W-shaped with the apices directed posteriorly. The frontals are separated from each other by suture.

The two halves of the palate are separated by suture, but no trace of the maxillo-premaxillary suture can be found.

The first incisor shows wear on the antero-medial and posterior sides. This indicates that it occluded with the first and second incisors of the lower jaw, which would enable the animal to get a firm grip on some fleshy part of a plant, such as roots and tubers, and rip it loose. The closed maxillo-premaxillary suture lends support to this hypothesis. Also the bones of the snout have the same dense, polished appearance that those in the snouts of pigs and peccaries have. However, the tip of the snout of this form seems to be too lightly constructed for any strenuous rooting.

The second incisor is smaller than the first and strongly recurved. It shows no wear except on the tip. The third incisor, the canine, and the first premolar are missing, but, judging by the sockets, they were about half the size of the first incisor.

Mr. Olsen took very careful measurements of the palatal side of the skull before beginning the restoration. The distances from the tip of the snout were taken at the tip of the tooth.

WHITE: LOWER MIOCENE MAMMAL FAUNA OF FLORIDA

13

Condylo-basal length

Condyles to M3

Anterior border of orbit to tip of snout

M3 to tip of snout

M1 "	it a a
P2 "	t a tt
Pi «	t (( (I
C "	c a it
I3 "	t a a
I2 "	t tt tt
I1 "	i a it
To these may be	added:
Length	P2 to M3

381

130

275

251

214

185

134

114

99

77

31

81

Floridatragulus dolichantherius White Proc. New Eng. Zool. Club, 18, p. 34, pi. 7, 1940.

A few isolated teeth are the only additional material referable to this species which has been found.

Since both Hypermekops and Floridatragulus have extenuated snouts, it seems reasonable to suppose the former to be the ancestor of the latter, which has the longer snout. However, until we find corre- sponding parts of both forms we cannot be sure.

The presence of all three upper incisors in Hypermekops indicates that it developed from some Upper Eocene hypertragulid which was able to find a satisfactory ecological niche here.

PROTOCERATIDAE Syndyoceras australis White Proc. New Eng. Zool. Club, 18, p. 97, pi. 15, 1941.

Although two additional mandibles of this form have been found they do not greatly increase our knowledge of it. As with Protoceras this form seems to be quite variable, and in view of the kinship of the two genera the differences presented are probably sexual rather than specific.

If the premolar-molar index is any indication of the degree of ad- vancement of a species, australis is slightly less advanced than cooki.

14 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

The indices of the two species are: australis, 28/58 — 49%; and cooki, 32/61 — 52%. As far as we know this genus is restricted to the Lower Miocene.

CERVIDAE

Machaeromeryx gilchristensis White

Proc. New Eng. Zool. Club, 18, p. 97, pi. 14, fig. 5, 1941.

The first and second upper molars with a fragment of the maxillary, and a lower jaw with well worn teeth are the only additional speci- mens of this species which have been found. The longer premolar series would seem to indicate that this species was more advanced than M. tragulus. This genus appears to be restricted to the Lower Miocene.

Parablastomeryx floridanus White

Proc. New Eng. Zool. Club, 18, p. 34, pi. 6, 1940.

Three additional lower jaws of this species have been found. Its size is about that of P. gregorii. For comparison I have copied the premolar-molar indices given by Frick (Bull. A.M.N.H., 69, p. 227, 1937) for the species of this genus.

<rablastomeryx gregorii	23/33	70%
olcotti	20/38	71%
primus	19.3/28	69%
falkenbachi	20/27.5	73%
schultzi	17.5/27	65%
advena	19/25.5	75%
floridanus	20/33	60%

An examination of the table shows that P. floridanus has relatively the shortest premolar series of any species of this genus. If, as is commonly accepted, this is any indication of the evolutionary status of an artiodactyl species, this is the least advanced form in the genus.

A larger species is indicated by two lower jaws with Dpi-3andMi-3, but cannot be properly diagnosed at this time.

Floridachoerus and the Camelidae are not sufficiently well known to be of help in correlating these deposits with those of the Great Plains. The members of the Hypertragulidae are peculiar to this deposit. Machaeromeryx and Syndyoceras are limited to the Lower Miocene,

WHITE: LOWER MIOCENE MAMMAL FAUNA OF FLORIDA 15

and Parablastomeryx floridanus appears to be the least advanced member of that genus. On the whole the Artiodactyla agree with the Carnivora in the Lower Miocene age of this deposit.

PERISSODACTYLA

As yet no evidence of either tapirs or chalicotheres have been found in the deposit on the Thomas Farm.

RHINOCEROTIDAE

The material belonging to this group has been turned over to Dr. Horace E. Wood, 2nd for study.

EQUIDAE

Anchitherium clarencei Simpson

Fla. State Geol. Survey, Bull. 10, p. 32, figs. 18-19, 1932.

Only a single left lower jaw (M.C.Z. 3810, Plate 9) referable to this species has been found. It bears Dpi-3 and Mi-2. This specimen does not allow us to add anything to Simpson's analysis of this form.

Miohippus sp.

A few isolated upper cheek teeth in which the metaloph is not con- nected to the ectoloph are referred to this genus. None show any indi- cation of a crochet. The posterior cingulum and the metaselene are well developed.

Parahippus blackbergi (Hay)

Plate 10

Miohippus blackbergi Hay, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 37, p. 2, pi. 1, figs. 4-5, 1924. Archaeohippus 7ia?ius Simpson, Fla. State Geol. Survey, Bull. 10, figs. 14-15, 1932.

Mr. C. J. Hesse, of the Museum of the Texas Agricultural and Mechanical College, has kindly loaned me his manuscript of his analy- sis of the Archaeohipjms material from Garvin Gully. In it he suggests that these two forms are the same. His analysis compares so well with the Florida specimens that I see no reason for retaining them as dis- tinct species.

Sixteen specimens, represented by a nearly complete upper dentition

16 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

of at least one side, are referred to this species. Also there are three pairs of lower jaws and three single lower jaws. All of the tooth char- acters are extremely variable but no one character seems to be asso- ciated with any other sufficiently well to permit a separation. There is a 16% variation in size but like the other characters it cannot be associated with any other one variation. The major variations are set forth in the accompanying table (Text fig. 2).

Crochet. The crochet, when present, is usually strong, but is not necessarily present on all of the molars. Some of the specimens which I indicated as being without a crochet have a slight wave in the enamel of the metaloph which could be interpreted as an incipient crochet. On one isolated tooth (M2?) there appears to be a slight secondary fold on the crochet.

"Anticrochet" . I have chosen this name for a plication on the pos- terior wall of the metaloph which is usually opposite the crochet but its position is not fixed. Usually it is associated with the crochet but this is not invariably the case, for one may be present without the other.

Plications on the Metaloph. Those on the anterior wall seem to be more or less independent of the crochet, but are usually present on the posterior wall only when the anticrochet is absent. When present the plications usually number two or three but may be as few as one.

Cement. When present, the cement is only a thin film, usually re- stricted to the outside of the tooth and the deeper parts of the fossette. The third molar always has the most cement. In the others it appears to be restricted to the outer base of the tooth. However, this may be due to wear. No. 3831 appears to have cement on P2~3. The presence or absence of cement does not appear to be correlated with any par- ticular one of the variations.

Size. Most of the specimens are very nearly the same size. Nos. 3820 and 3829, which present the greatest difference in size, are almost identical in the other characters. No. 3829 is 16% smaller than No. 3820, but is only 5% smaller than the average, while No. 3820 is 10% larger than the average.

Third Molar. In most of the specimens the third upper molar bears the same size relationship to the second in this species that it does in Parahippus leonensis. However, in some, M3 is notably smaller than M2. Among the isolated teeth referred to Miohippvs is a single M3 which is much smaller than the molars. In view of this, in those speci- mens in which it occurs, the small M3 of this species is probably a holdover from the ancestral stock rather than a matter of reduction.

WHITE: LOWER MIOCEXE MAMMAL FAUNA OF FLORIDA

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18

bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

In the lower jaw the posterior lobe of the third molar is very little relatively than in the next species of Parahippus found in this deposit. Four of the lower dentitions have cement on the molars.

Protocone. In most specimens there is only a constriction between the protocone and the protoconule, but in Nos. 3820, 3831, and 3815 the tip of the protocone is separate in a few of the teeth, usually the premolars. This is also the case in some of the isolated teeth. Hesse (manuscript) reports that he finds the same condition in the specimens from Garvin Gully.

Milk Teeth. One specimen (M.C.Z. 3840, Plate 10, figs. 2 and 3) still has the milk teeth. The protocone is large and deeply constricted from the protoconule. The metaloph is connected to the ectoloph but shows no plications. The hypoloph is well developed and projects into the postfossette. The hypostyle and posterior cingulum are well developed.

Plihypostyle. Ever since the name plihypostyle was first applied to a feature in the postfossette of horse teeth, there has been considerable confusion regarding the homologies of structures bearing that name. It appears to have been used, at one time or another, for any structure in this area which could not be identified as the hypostyle. Obviously the plihypostyle of Parahippus cf. ncbrascensis (Stirton, Journ. Mamm., 22, p. 434, fig. 3, 1941) is not the homologue of the element bearing

Protoconule Protocone

MQZ3922

Hupo/oph Hypodtu/e

Hi

T

ocone

Fig. 3. Third upper premolar of Parahippus blackbergi (Hay) showing hypoloph. x 2.

that name in Neohipparion cf. eurystyle (ibid, p. 435, fig. 7). By extreme good fortune the fossil Equidae from the Thomas Farm demonstrate the development of the principal features in this area. Some of the specimens of P. blackbergi (Nos. 3820, 3815, and 3829), and a number of isolated teeth, show, on unworn or little worn premolars, a high thin

white: LOWER MIOCENE MAMMAL FAUNA OF FLORIDA 19

ridge (M.C.Z. 3922, Text fig. 3) extending from the hypocone to the posterior cingulum near the metastyle. By all of the rules of tooth terminology this ridge is the hypoloph and makes up the posterior half of the metaselene. In two of the specimens (Nos. 3815 and 3829) the metaselene is complete on one or more of the molars.

In its simplest form (P2 of No. 3815) the hypostyle is a small conical tubercle on the posterior cingulum. However, in most cases it takes the form of a spur, projecting postero-medially from the inner end of the hypoloph. This condition is especially well demonstrated in the milk teeth of Mcrychippvs paniensis and to a lesser degree in the milk teeth of M. primus.

The hypoloph, in the form it takes in the premolars of P. blackbergi, is present in the molars of 'P. Iconcnsis and the less progressive specimens of M. gimteri, but this is not true of the premolars of P. Iconcnsis. In the more progressive specimens of the latter species the postfossette wall of the hypoloph often bears a plication near the postero-lateral end. This appears to be homologous with the plihypostyle of Neohip- parion cf. Eury style (ibid, p. 435, fig. 7) and for the sake of clearness and compatibility, I propose that this name be restricted, so that it will apply only to plications on the inner wall of the hypoloph. While this may not be in strict accordance with the customary practice in mor- phological names, it will make the terminology of the upper teeth more consistent with that of the lower.

This species presents many variations which are departures, in the direction of Parahippus, from a simple pattern similar to Miohippus. It is possible to find all of the generic characters of the teeth of Para- hippus in this series of specimens. The greatest number of characters found in combination in one individual (Xo. 3S31) is four, and many have three. These characters are:

*

1. Well developed crochet.

2. Plications on the anterior and posterior walls of the metaloph.

3. Protocone separate at tip.

4. Hypoloph and posterior cingulum closing the postfossette.

5. Cement on molars.

6. Height of unworn M2 at paracone only slightly less than external

length.

These characters, occurring in combinations of as many as four in one individual, indicates that this species stands genetically very close (and is probably ancestral) to some of the earlier species of this genus.

The simple and stable pattern of the cheek teeth presented by the Upper Miocene species of Archaeohippus and the more complex and

20 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

highly variable character of the teeth of this species presents us with two possibilities. Either the Florida stock retrogressed, or, the Plains were unsuited ecologically to this stock and they remained in the vicin- ity of the Gulf. Owing to the nature of the deposits in that area they are recorded only in Garvin Gully. In view of the Miocene geography of the Florida region (see that section), this stock can, at best, be only remotely related to that of the Plains, probably only in that they have Miohippus for a common ancestor. Consequently, to leave the Florida and Plains stocks in the same genus is a purely artificial classification, which defeats one of the primary purposes of taxonomy, in that it should be an expression of the genetics of groups of animals or plants. According to the available evidence this form is a very primitive species of Parahippus, bridging the gap between fhat genus and Miohippus. The weight of the characters lean more toward Parahippus than Miohippus, and it would not simplify matters any to name a new genus for this intermediate and highly variable form.

Parahippus barbouri spec. nov.

Type. M.C.Z. 3646, (Plate 11), a crushed skull which has been re- stored for exhibition, M3 unworn.

Paratype. M.C.Z. 3814 (Plate 12) right lower jaw with P2 to M3.

Referred Material. M.C.Z. 3736, upper dentition lacking left M3; and No. 3742, a well worn upper left dentition.

Horizon and Locality. L. Miocene, L. Arikareean; Thomas Farm, Gilchrist Co., Florida.

Diagnosis. A small Parahippus with a moderately heavy coat of cement on all cheek teeth, plications on anterior and posterior walls of metaloph, crochet simple and usually not in contact with proto- conule, protocone joining protoconule on all teeth by the time M3 has begun to receive wear, postprotoconal valley open except on M1, post- fossette may or may not be open on M1-2, external styles well developed teeth subhy sidont.

Measurements

Number	3646	3736	3742
Length, P2~M3	87	88	82
' ' p2— 4	45	46	42.5
" M1"3	42	42	39.5
Width P4	17	17.5	17
" M1	17	18	16.5

WHITE: LOWER MIOCENE MAMMAL FAUNA OF FLORIDA • 21

The limited amount of material referable to this species, each show- ing a different stage of wear, does not give us any data on the amount of variation in the enamel pattern. The enamel pattern of this species is very close to that of P. crenidens (Scott) from the Deep River, U. Miocene of Montana and to P. coloradcnsis Gidley from the Pawnee Creek Beds of Northeast Colorado. So similar are their enamel pat- terns that it seems logical to suppose that the Florida stock persisted till near the close of the Miocene with only a slight increase in size.

Parahippus leonensis Sellards Plate 13, figs. 1 and 2

Eighth Ann. Report of Fla. State Geol. Survey, p. 83, pi. 11, fig. 7, pi. 13,

fig. 2-3, 1916. Merychippus vellicans Hay, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 37, p. 7, pi. 1, figs. 18-19,

1924.

At first I referred this material to Parahippus vellicans (Hay), be- cause most of the specimens were nearly identical with Hay's types. However the last three skulls which have been cleaned have convinced me that Sellard's type is an unusual varient of this population and consequently the species must be known as P. leonensis. Only one or two of the teeth bear the peculiar type of crochet found in the type of P. leonensis, nor is it always on M1, but may be found on any tooth except P2.

Mr. C. J. Hesse wrote, after examining a small series of teeth sent him; that in his opinion the Thomas Farm and Garvin Gully popula- tions were conspecific.

Thirty-three specimens, represented by the upper cheek tooth series of at least one side, are referred to this species. A nearly equal number of lower jaws probably belong here. However, none of the lower jaws were found associated with the upper.

This species appears to embrace as wide a range of variation as P. blackbergi. Several of the specimens exhibit characters of size and enamel pattern suggestive of P. barbouri. It is hoped that further excavation will complete this gap in the record. The other extreme is with difficulty distinguishable from M. gunteri.

At first, I divided this series of specimens into three groups on the basis of the extremes of enamel patterns. For a period of about three weeks I reviewed them once or twice a day. Each time I shifted a few specimens from one group to another. Since it was impossible to make any division that would last over night, I concluded that only

22 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

one species was represented. The individuals of this species seem to represent three groups in the population; a conservative, a progressive, and an aberrant. The intergradation between these three groups seems to be complete.

Cement. The amount of cement varies from a very heavy coat (more than M . •primus) to a very thin film. The usual amount seems to be a little less than M. primus. The third molar always has the most cement and the first has the least.

Crochet. The crochet is usually T-shaped with the crossbar of the T abutting against the protoconule. Sometimes it is only a V-shaped projection on the metaloph with the apex of the V directed toward the protoconule. Or, it may be a long narrow loop projecting between the protocone and the hypocone.

Metaloph. Unworn or slightly worn teeth bear plications on the anterior and posterior walls of the metaloph. Those on the posterior wall are smaller and fewer than those on the anterior, and soon disap- pear with wear. The plication nearest the metaconule is the strongest and may persist as long as those on the anterior wall.

The plications on the anterior wall are usually three or four in number, with those nearest the crochet the strongest. M3 and P2 usu- ally have only one or two plications on the anterior wall.

Hypoloph. On the molars and sometimes on P4 the hypoloph ex- tends from the metaconule to the posterior cingulum near the meta- style. This is the same condition found in the premolars of P. black- bergi. In the premolars the hypoloph projects into the posterior part of the postfossette and does not reach the posterior cingulum. -Its direction is more nearly lateral than postero-lateral as in the molars. A plihypostyle may or may not be present. It is more common on the molars than on the premolars.

Hypostyle. The unworn hypostyle is usually covered with cement, so that its shape cannot be determined. After a small amount of wear it is usually triangular in the molars and elliptical in the premolars, with the long axis parallel to the hypocone. It often appears as a spur directed postero-medially from the inner end of the hypoloph. In the more advanced specimens the hypostyle has gained the ascendency in growth over the hypoloph and receives wear first. It has the form of a long narrow loph paralleling the hypocone. The inner end usually projects into the postfossette. This projection cannot be considered a plihypostyle because of its origin as demonstrated by this material. Both features occur in some specimens. This condition is prophetic of that found in M. gunteri on all teeth except M3.

WHITE: LOWER MIOCENE MAMMAL FAUNA OF FLORIDA 23

Protocone. The protocone is usually joined to the protoconule by the time M3 has begun to receive wear. It usually, but not always, displays a spur. There seems to be a positive correlation between the amount of cement and the length of time which the protocone is separate. In the two specimens with a very heavy coat of cement the protocones are separate even though M3 has received considerable wear.

Milk Teeth. A number of specimens show the milk dentition in various stages of wear. No. 3759, with P1 and M1 just beginning to receive wear, displays the characters of these teeth the best.

The enamel pattern of the milk teeth is very similar to that of the permanent premolars. The crochet is well developed but usually does not abutt against the protoconule, more often it is broader at the base than at the outer end. The metaloph is connected to the ectoloph and has plications on both walls. Those on the posterior wall dis- appear first. Hypoloph and hypostyle are like those of the permanent premolars. Cement absent except for a thin film on the exterior base of two specimens.

The milk teeth of this species are very similar to a cast of the type of Parahippus eognatus Leidy and the permanent teeth are very close to the type of P. brcvidens (Marsh). Certainly these three species are very close genetically and possibly should bear the same name, in which case, they should be known as P. eognatus Leidy, since that is the earliest available name. The scarcity of the remains of eognatus and bremdens would lead one to believe that this stock was well past its prime in the Upper Miocene. It does not seem unreasonable that a stock which received its inception in the Lower Miocene should persist with diminishing abundance till near the close of the Miocene.

Merychippus gunteri Simpson

Plate 13, fig. 3

Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 59, p. 165, fig. 10, 1930.

This species unquestionably arose #from Parahippus leonensis Sellards. The transition between the two species is well represented by complete dentitions. Fortunately it is still possible to set up an arbitrary rule which will distinguish the conservative members of this species from the progressive members of the preceding one. This rule is:— The crochet must have joined the protoconule on M1-2 by the time wear has exposed the principal cusps on M3 before the speci-

24 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

men can be placed in M. gunteri. At this time both species have a height of tooth at the mesostyle on M2 of 10 mm. When the teeth of the progressive specimens of P. leonensis are worn so that M2 has a height of 7.5 mm at the mesostyle they display most of the characters of M. gunteri. None of the unworn teeth of either species have a height of crown to exceed 15 mm at the paracone.

Unfortunately the material representing this species is not plentiful ; a badly broken skull with good teeth, a complete upper dentition of both sides, three specimens with five cheek teeth in series, and three with three or four teeth.

Cement. x\ll specimens have a uniformly heavy coat of cement on the outside of the tooth, about the same as the most advanced speci- mens of P. leonensis. M1 always has the least amount of cement in the fossettes and M2 is next. In M3 and the premolars the fossettes are usually nearly filled. The postprotoconal valley has less cement than the fossettes.

Crochet. On the molars the crochet has joined the protoconule before the tooth has received much wear, often on M1-2 before M3 has erupted. A greater amount of wear is necessary in the premolars for these two structures to join, and apparently they never join in P2. Usually there is only a single plicabellin and pliprotoconule but one specimen displays two of each on M1.

Hypoloph. The hypoloph and hypostyle are very little different from those in the premolars of P. leonensis except on M3 in which, on most specimens, it exhibits its earlier characteristics. A plihypo- style is often present on the premolars but is not so common on the molars.

Metaloph. The plications on the metaloph do not differ materially in size and distribution from those on P. leonensis, except that they seem to persist longer in those species. One rather unusual specimen shows five plications on the anterior wall and four on the posterior wall of M1.

Protoeonc. The protocone always has a spur except in the early stages of wear on P2. It usually joins the protoconule on all teeth by the time M3 has begun to receive wear.

Milk Teeth. An isolated Dp2 seems referable to this species. The tooth has received considerable wear but not enough to obliterate the details. No trace of cement can be found. The crochet has joined the protoconule and there is a suggestion of a plicabellin and a pliproto- conule. There is one large and one small plication on the anterior wall of the metaloph. The posterior wall is smooth. The hypoloph is

white: lower miocene mammal fauna of Florida 25

well developed and separated from the hypocone by a thin line of enamel. The hypostyle is small and triangular in outline with the apex directed toward the inner end of the hypoloph. The protocone bears a spur and is separated from the protoconule by a thin line of enamel.

It would be comparatively easy to derive the enamel pattern of most of the species of Merychippus from that of this stock. The sim- plest pattern exhibited is only slightly more complex than that of M. primus and the most complex is about equal to that of M. sphenodus (Cope) and M. calamarius (Cope). The pattern of most of the speci- mens is about the same as that of M. secundus Osborn (if that is a valid species). However, if, as Stirton (1940, Univ. Calif. Bull. Dept. Geol. Sci., 25, p. 181, Footnote 12) suggests, M. secundus, tertius, and quint us are synonyms of M. primus, the size and height of crown become the principal differences between gunteri and primus. This difference is sufficiently great to justify retaining them as distinct species. Simpson (1932 D, p. 27, Footnote 5) suggests that M . gunteri and primus arose from different species of Parahippus. In the light of this material I believe it more likely that the latter is the descendant of the former.

Merychippus westoni Simpson Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 69, p. 164, fig. 9, 1930.

In the material from the Thomas Farm I have not been able to identify with certainty this species. In the isolation of the protocone it seems to be more advanced than gunteri and probably represents a later stage in evolution.

These horses are less advanced than those of the Middle and Upper Miocene, although their closest relatives are found in deposits of those ages. They appear to have very little in common with the Lower Miocene horses of the Great Plains. On the whole they are of very little help in correlating the age of this deposit.

Development of Tooth Form in Horses as Indicated by this Material

x\lthougb this series is far from complete, there are a sufficient number of stages so that a moderately clear picture can be obtained.

Separation of Protocone. In P. blackbcrgi the protocone appears to be separated from the protoconule first on P3~4. The protocone is usually deeply constricted from the protoconule on P2 and M1 but the tips are seldom separate. It may be separate on M1 and not on P2.

26 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Unfortunately there are no specimens showing the protoeone becoming separated on M2-3. In the other species of Parahippus and in Mery- chippvs the tip of the protoeone is separate in the early stages of wear.

Cement. The cement first appears on M1 or 2 in P. blackbergi. In the cases in which it is present only on M2-3 1 cannot be certain that it never had been on M1. It is thought to be present on the premolars of No. 3820 but it is difficult to be certain. In the other species of Para- hippus and in Meryckippus M1 always has the least cement and M3 has the most. Among the premolars P2 has the least and P4 the most but none as much as M3. There seems to be a positive correlation be- tween the amount of cement and the order of tooth succession.

Hypoloph and Hypostyle. The development of these two features were fully treated in the consideration of P. blackbergi.

Crochet and Plications on the Metaloph. The form of these features are fairly well catalogued under the various species. There is, how- ever, a plausible explanation of their mode of formation based on the embryological principal of Unequal Growth.

Both embryology and the observations of unerupted teeth show that the durable layers of the teeth are deposited from the crown to the base. The general form of the tooth is determined by the meso- dermal papillae which outline in a general way the principal cusps and lophs, which grow down (or up in the lower jaw) to meet the dental germ and is enveloped by it. As the dental germ (enamel depositing cells) spreads over the sides of the lophs into the fossettes the cells must divide rather rapidly to supply the necessary amount of en- velope. If the cell division is more rapid than necessary, or if it con- tinues after the loph is covered, it creates more surface than there is space to accommodate it. This internal pressure, pushing against the already established cusps, which act as buttresses, causes the surface to buckle and be thrown into folds. The crochet, after the metaloph has joined the ectoloph, occurs in the logical place for the surface to buckle from the internal pressure set up by the rapidly multiplying cells of the dental germ layer; i.e.; at the apex of the curve of the metaloph. The location of the "anticrochet" is determined in the same way. That the secondary folds are formed subsequent to the formation of the principal features is indicated by the fac1> that they always occur in the areas of thin enamel. There are a number of un- erupted teeth in the material from Florida in which the deposition of enamel is complete and which contain no dentine on the inside of the tooth. This indicates that the details of tooth form are determined by the proliferation of the enamel depositing cells.

white: LOWER MIOCENE MAMMAL FAUNA OF FLORIDA 27

Union of Crochet and Protoeonvlc. The embryology of the tooth permits us to postulate the steps through which the crochet becomes united to the protoconule.

In some specimens of P. blackbergi the crochet abuts against the protoconule. This is true of nearly all of the specimens of the other species of Parahippus found in Florida. The protoconule must have been well established by the time the crochet began to form. This resulted in the latter flattening its end against the protoconule. To create additional space for the over abundant enamel depositing cells the crochet became constricted at the base by the process mentioned above. By this time the crochet is T-shaped. The crossbar of the T in the crochet of Parahippiis becomes the plicabellin and the pliproto- conule of Mcrychippus. Eventually the crochet came abreast of the protoconule in its order of development and these two areas of growing tissue met, fused, and split in the same manner as the foetal mem- branes. I have been unable to find a statement of this principle in any of the textbooks of embryology at hand but I think the following will express the idea sufficiently well; "When two outpouchings of growing tissue from the same germ layer meet, first there is a fusion of the two surfaces, then a fission in a plane parallel to the axis of juncture but at right angles to the plane of fusion. It seems highly probable that this same process was involved in the union of the metaloph and ectoloph, and also in the isolation of the protocone in Hipparion (sensu latu).

SUMMARY

Eighteen genera and twenty-two species of mammals have been identified from the Thomas Farm in Gilchrist County, North Florida. In order to determine the age of this deposit the closest relatives of these species were sought in the deposits of the Great Plains. The Artiodactyla present a decided Lower Miocene aspect. Two of the genera are restricted to deposits of that age on the Plains. Two genera of one family (Hypertragulidae) seem to be peculiar to the deposit in North Florida. Among the Carnivora are two genera which did not persist on the Plains beyond the Upper John Day - Lower Rosebud age. There is one species in each of two other genera which are very closely related to plains species in the same genera of the Late Middle and Upper Miocene. The Equidae are all progressive and their only relatives are found in the Late Middle and Upper Miocene deposits of the Plains. Since the vertebrates give such a paradoxical correla- tion, other sources were examined for data to aid in determining the

28 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

age of this deposit. Overlying the deposit in which the mammalian fossils occur is an erosional remnant of what is believed to be a mem- ber of the marine Hawthorne formation. However, no identifiable in- vertebrates have been found in it. Invertebrate fossils, as well as cobblerock, from the Ocala and Suwannee limestones are found mixed with the vertebrate fossils. It would seem then that the mammalian remains were buried during the interval between the deposition of the Suwannee limestone and the deposition of the upper part of the Haw- thorne formation.

An examination of the geologic map of Florida shows that this local- ity was near the northern end of an island during the Lower Miocene. This gives a plausible explanation of the anomalies in the correlation of the vertebrate fauna. The forms in this fauna closely related to the Upper Miocene forms of the Plains developed on the island and were unable to escape to the mainland till after the Early Middle Miocene.

WHITE: LOWER MIOCENE MAMMAL FAUNA OF FLORIDA 29

2. GEOLOGY

LOCAL DETAILS

Plate 14

The Raeford Thomas Farm is located 8 miles north of Bell in northern Gilchrist Co., Florida. It is near the eastern edge of the watershed which separates a series of small lakes on the east (which drain by an unnamed creek into the Santa Fe River) from the Su- wannee River on the west. On this watershed frozen (or fossil) sand dunes are the principal topographic features, with sinkholes running a close second. The top soil, in some places to a depth of many feet, is yellowish sand which may be the result of the weathering of the Hawthorne formation.

The pit from which the fossils are being taken is on the eastern edge of a circular depression about 250 feet in diameter and about 20 feet deep. The form of the depression with its gently sloping sides and shallow depth is closer to that of a "blow out" between sand dunes than it is to a sink hole. A test hole, dug with a six inch auger, en- countered a rocky stratum at eight feet. The data obtained was not sufficient to determine whether this stratum was the Ocala limestone or a boulder bar similar to the one encountered in the pit. Although the evidence concerning the origin of this depression is not conclusive, there is no reason to suppose that it played any part in the deposition of the sediments which carry the mammalian remains.

For additional information concerning the area around the pit I am greatly indebted to the Florida State Geological Survey for contribut- ing the time of Mr. Clarence Simpson, who spent two days boring testholes around the excavation. He took numerous samples from the test holes which were analyzed in the laboratory of the Survey.

The main part of the pit is about 100 feet long and about 60 feet wide (Plate 14, fig. 1). The pit is about 14 feet deep in the deepest part. To facilitate the removal of the refuse earth a narrow trench, wide enough to permit a mule with a scrape to pass, was dug from the pit to the deepest part of the depression mentioned above.

The surface of the area from which the fossils are taken is covered by loose, yellowish sand which varies in depth from a few inches to a few feet. The color and texture of this sand suggests that it may be the result of the disintegration of the calcareous sandstone members of the Hawthorne formation. Below the loose sand is a layer of joint

30 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

clay which varies in thickness from one to about four feet. In the area west of the boulder bar (Plate 14, fig. 4) the clay grades into the lime sand below it. It was here that the Florida State Geological Survey dug its pit and the Museum of Comparative Zoology started its excavation. A few species were found in this part of the excavation which have not been found in the deeper part. These forms are; Anchitheriwrn clarencei, Merychippus gunteri, and Mephititaxus ancipidens. The only identifiable specimens of Oxydactylus floridaivus, Paratylopus grandis, and Floridatragulus dolichanthcrvus were found here. However loose teeth and other fragments were found deeper in the pit. The joint clay contains much broken bone and loose teeth. A few horse skulls were found in this layer but were very badly broken although not badly crushed.

At the eastern end of the pit, between the surface sand and the joint clay, is about three feet of cream colored, pumice-like sandstone with brown spots. Lithologically it resembles the upper members of the Hawthorne formation exposed in the Devil's Mill Hopper near Gainesville and that in a road cut between the Seaboard Railway Sta- tion at Gainesville and Bivin's Arm. Sandstone similar to that found at the pit, is exposed in road cuts along the highway north of Bell. The test holes, bored by Mr. Clarence Simpson, indicate that this sandstone once covered the area now being excavated. If the correla- tion of this sandstone is correct, this cycle of fluvial deposition was brought to a close by the invasion of the Hawthorne sea.

Below the Joint clay is a layer of clay balls, which as near as could be determined, are eight to twelve inches in diameter. In some places they are piled four or five deep. In reality they are a mass of bone fragments and teeth held together by clay. Occasionally a nearly complete leg bone or jaw is found, but is usually very badly broken. There is a strong possibility that the bone fragments and isolated teeth are reworked material.

At the west end of the pit, lying partly below the clay balls and partly below the joint clay, is a lens of lime sand whose greatest thickness is about three feet. The lime sand grades in the joint clay where the two are not separated by the clayballs. Also there is a lens of lime sand below the thin southwestern edge of the boulder bar (Plate 14, fig. 3). Most of the lime sand is moderately coarse but some of it is fine enough to be classed as silt. Most of the bones found in the lime sand are whole, but often they are so soft that it is im- possible to save them. Most of the specimens obtained by the Florida State Geological Survey came from the lime sand above the boulder

WHITE: LOWER MIOCENE MAMMAL FAUNA OF FLORIDA 31

bar. Merychippus gunteri and advanced specimens of Parahippus leonensis occur here.

Lying immediately below the beds mentioned above and extending diagonally across the excavation (Plate 14, fig. 1) is a bed of boulders which vary in size from two or three inches in diameter to as much as fifteen in the largest ones. However, the majority have a diameter of six or seven inches. The interstices between the boulders are filled with gravel and lime sand. All of this material appears to have been derived from the Suwannee and Ocala limestones. The material is entirely un- sorted. The bed is thickest at the middle and thins out at the edges. This bed contains many horse skulls which are hopelessly crushed. Some are moulded around boulders so that it is impossible to save them. Many invertebrates characteristic of the Suwannee and Ocala limestones are found in the boulder bar.

Below the boulder bar the excavation has penetrated about six or seven feet into a bed of laminated bluish clay. Many of the laminae are separated by a thin layer of clean, white quartz sand, while others are separated by a thin layer of silt. There are local pebble layers which may be two or three inches thick. The bedding is very lenticular with most of the lenses only a few feet across. The preservation of the bone is the best in this part of the excavation. Although the skulls are crushed the bone is quite firm so that restoration is possible.

The lack of sorting of the material which makes up the boulder bar, and the lenticular nature of the laminated clays below it, indicate that these sediments are not of marine or lacustrine, but of fluvial origin. The general outlines of the history of this stream are fairly obvious. The initial stage was a period of erosion during which the stream scoured out its channel in the soft Ocala and Suwannee limestones. Next the force of the stream was lessened so that it began to silt up its channel, burying the remains of the animals which perished along its course. Later the stream was rejuvenated and its carrying capacity increased to the extent that it was able to transport the large boulders which make up the boulder bar. Still later the transporting power was again reduced so that it was able to carry only fine sand and silt. Eventually the lower reaches of the stream were drowned by the ad- vance of the Hawthorne sea.

The data for limiting the period of time represented by this deposit are the presence of Ocala and Suwannee invertebrates in the deposit and the Hawthorne formation lying above it. Thus this period of time began after the deposition of the Suwannee limestone (Upper-

32 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

most Oligocene) and came to a close before the end of Hawthorne time (Late Lower Miocene).

Unfortunately there are no data concerning the duration of the period of channel cutting. The Ocala and Suwannee limestones are poorly consolidated and would erode very easily. If the structure of the Central Florida Dome at this time was at all similar to what it is today the gradient would be about four feet per mile. This would be sufficient gradient to cut a considerable channel in a relatively short time.

The events which caused this stream to silt up its channel are not at all evident. Although Mansfield (1937, p. 42) presents evidence that the Tampa was a transgressing sea and that the upper zones overlap the lower, I believe this part of the stream was too far from the shoreline to have been affected. In view of the purity of the Ocala and Suwannee limestones this stream must have drained a very large area to have accumulated the amount of clay found in this deposit.

Mansfield (1937, p. 44) insists that there was a period of uplift at the close of Tampa time. As near as can be determined from the distribution of the Tampa and Hawthorne sediments, the western edge of the Florida Plateau was elevated at this time. It seems logical that this would increase the size of the drainage basin and lengthen the stream. The increased drainage basin would increase the head of water and the transporting power so that it would be able to pile up the boulders found in the boulder bed. As the Hawthorne sea ad- vanced the stream again lost its power to transport boulders and cobble rock, and deposited sand and clay in its channel. Eventually this portion of the stream was drowned by the Hawthorne sea.

PALEOGEOGRAPHY

An examination of the geologic map of Florida shows that the area in which the mammalian fossils are found was undoubtedly an island during Lower Miocene time. In order to get a better concept of the sequence of events it seemed desirable to compile maps of the Early Tertiary formations of the southeastern United States. In these maps the solid lines represent the known limits of the outcrops and are not intended to represent old shore-lines. The dashed lines indicate the probable limits of the formation in areas in which it is buried under younger formations. Although I have covered most of Florida by auto during the past three winters, I have taken the data for these

WHITE: LOWER MIOCENE MAMMAL FAUNA OF FLORIDA

33

maps from the more recent literature. For convenience I have in- cluded a correlation chart of the Oligocene and Miocene taken from Cooke (1935), except the Alabama Miocene which is from Semmes (1929) after Cooke.

		S. CAROLINA	GEORGIA	FLORIDA	ALABAMA
			Eastern	Western	Eastern Western
K Z	in o				a o t-< O 5= 3 - <	Shoal River Oak Grove Sand	Hattiesburg Clay
o o	Hawthorne	Hawthorne	Hawthorne Tampa Is.	Chipola Marl	Catahoula sandstone
		Tampa Is.
	Tampa Is.
	Flint River	Flint River	Suwannee limestone	Flint River	Flint River	Chichasawhav Marl

			Absent?	Repre- sented	Absent?	Bucatunna Clay
z
u I— 1 0	Absent	Absent	Glendon limestone	Absent	Glendon limestone
	Absent?	Absent?	Absent	Marianna Is.	Marianna limestone /Red /Bluff / lay
z	Cooper Marl	Barn- well	Barn- well	Ocala Is Tivola tongue of Ocala Is.	Ocala LS.	Ocala LS.	c o m 0) .5 - o O	d c3 o M-l d o u 03 1-5	Yazoo Clay
K
• r f f c t	J	Santee Is.			C	'ocoa Sand

34 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

The time interval to be considered here is that between the deposi- tion of the Ocala limestone of Upper Eocene age and the withdrawal of the Hawthorne sea. During this time Florida alternated between an island and a peninsular condition several times. This unstableness appears to have been due as much to minor crustal movements as to major variations in sea level. No attempt has been made to correlate the crustal movements of this area with those of the Caribbean.

All available data indicate that Florida was a submerged plateau throughout the Eocene. The close of the Eocene was marked by the beginning of a series of crustal movements which resulted in the formation of the Central Florida Dome. The distribution of the Oligocene and Miocene sediments indicate that the dome is the result of two sets of pressures working at nearly right angles to each other and at different times. That initiated at the close of the Eocene was a northwest-southeast pressure which affected the whole of the plateau and forced all but the southern portion out of water. At the same time there was a compensatory downwarping of the strata across the northern end of the plateau to form the Okefenokee Trough. At dif- ferent times the sea invaded this trough and cut Florida off from the mainland.

During the Lower Oligocene, while the Marianna limestone was being deposited, the sea invaded the Okefenokee Trough only far enough to form a large bay at either end (Text fig. 5). The evidence for the bay in southeastern Georgia is the unusual thickness of the Oligocene sediments reported by Pretty man and Cave (1923) as being encountered in deep wells. However these sediments were identified mainly on lithological grounds.

There was a renewal of the crustal movements at the close of Marianna time, which resulted in the formation of the Hatchatigbee Arch in western Alabama and in deepening of the Okefenokee Trough so that the Gulf communicated with the Atlantic across North Florida and South Georgia (Text fig. 6) through a strait, probably not over 50 or 60 miles wide. At this time the Glendon limestone was deposited. This period of deposition appears to have been brought to a close by a period of general emergence without any noticeable deformation of the land mass, and Florida was again connected with the mainland.

The late Upper Oligocene was a period of general submergence which reduced Florida to a relatively small island in what is now the northwestern part of the peninsula (Text fig. 7). The strait which separated Florida from the mainland must have been nearly 150

white: lower MIOCENE MAMMAL FAUNA OF FLORIDA

35

miles wide. During this time the Flint River and Suwannee limestones were laid down. This period of deposition was brought to a close by a renewal of the crustal movements which marked the opening of the

STRUCTURE MAP OF FLORIDA AND ADJACENT AREAS CONTOURS ON TOP OF OCA LA LIMESTONE

Fig. 4. Structure map of Florida and adjacent areas from Mossom (1926), Cooke and Mossom (1928), and Prettyman and Cave (1923).

Oligocene. At this time the Chattahoochie Arch in southwestern Georgia and southeastern Alabama was formed. The distribution of the Flint River sediments indicate that the main axis of the arch has a northeast-southwest direction rather than a north-south one as

36 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

postulated by Stephenson and Veatch (1915, p. 58). The formation of the arch seriously restricted the width of the trough in this area. During this same time interval the Florida Plateau was subjected to east-west pressure which shifted the long axis of the dome from an east-west direction to a north-south one. Stephenson and Veatch (1915, p. 59) applied the name Withlacoochie Anticline to the northern part of the Central Florida Dome. I have used the latter term because it seemed to convey a cleared concept of the doming of the Ocala limestone.

Although the contact between the Suwannee and Tampa limestones has not been observed, the very different distributional patterns of the outcrops of the two limestones permit us to postulate an interval of uplift and a land connection between the island and the mainland during the interval between their depositions. Prettyman and Cave (1923, p. 82) report that the Chattahoochie ( = Tampa) limestone is conglomeratic in the southwestern part of Georgia and that it lies unconf ormably above the Glendon ( = Flint River) limestone.

The very thin layer of limestone in the Ocala area containing Late Tampa Fossils (Mansfield, 1937, p. 24) indicate that there was con- tinuous subsidence of the island till the end of Tampa time. The thickness of the Tampa limestone reported in the deep wells which have been studied substantiate this. The thicknesses are: Monroe Co.— 300 ft. (Cole, 1941, p. 10); Polk Co. 140 ft. (ibid, p. 5); Gulf Co. 84 ft. (Cole, 1938, p. 9). Mansfield (1937, p. 31) reported a thickness of 89 ft. for the Tampa limestone in Gadsen Co. (Type locality of the Chattahoochie formation). Small discrepancies are inevitable in well records unless a continuous log is kept, but the differences shown here are much too great to attribute to normal error. Consequently it seems reasonable to assume that the younger zones of the Tampa limestone overlap the older.

Concerning the interval between the Tampa and Hawthorne, Mans- field (1937, p. 44) says: "The lithological and the faunal difference between the Tampa limestone and the succeeding Alum Bluff group seem too great to attribute solely to shifting of shore-line currents and therefore strongly suggest a period of uplift at the end of Tampa time, followed by subsidence and deposition of the Alum Bluff group." Cushman and Ponton (1932, p. 31) say: "However, in the case of the Chipola formation along the Chipola River, at and near its type locality, we find the soft, greenish-gray shell marl of the Chipola lying on what looks like the eroded surface of the hard, white to buff lime- stone of the Tampa." This area appears to be rather close to the north

white: LOWER MIOCENE MAMMAL FAUNA OF FLORIDA

37

boundary of the Okefenokee Trough and could be only a local uncon- formity. However at Rock Bluff in Liberty Co. the section is very different. Cooke and Mossom (1928, p. 119) say: "It is difficult to

SURFACE AND SUBSURFACE

DISTRIBUTION OF THE

MAR/ANNA LIMESTONE

Fig. 5. Distribution of Marianna limestone (stippled portion).

draw the line precisely between the Tampa limestone and the Haw- thorne formation at Rock Bluff, for one seems to grade perfectly into the other." Rock Bluff is about 20 miles north of what is believed to have been the middle of the Okefenokee Trough. Consequently there is no good evidence that the trough was drained at this time.

38

bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

The distribution of the outcrops of the Tampa limestone and Haw- thorne formation show that the western side of the Florida Plateau was elevated at the close of Tampa time so that the bulk of the land

SURFACE AND SUBSURFACE DISTRIBUTION OF THE GL ENDON L IMES TONE

Fig. 6. Distribution of Glendon limestone.

lay west of the axis of the plateau. In the excavations in Gilchrist Co., a boulder bar (some of the boulders were fifteen inches in diameter) was encountered in the old stream channel in which the fossils are found. It seems logical that this bar should have been formed at this interval of uplift. The elevation of the west coast alone would have

white: lower miocene mammal fauna of Florida

39

given the stream sufficient gradient to transport the boulders. There is no evidence in the fossil mammals for postulating a land bridge be- tween the island and the continent at this time.

SURFACE AND SUBSURFACE DISTRIBUTION OF THE FLINT RIVER AND EQUIVALENT FORMATIONS

Fig. 7. Distribution of Flint River and equivalent formations.

Because of the very poor state of preservation of the fossils found in the Hawthorne formation, there is considerable doubt concerning the amount of time that it represents. Cooke and Mossom (1928, p. 98) say: "In the Peninsula the Alum Bluff group is represented by the Hawthorne formation. Fossils obtained from the Hawthorne show

40

bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

that at least part of it is of Chipola age, but its fauna at some localities seems to be younger than the Chipola." On page 110 of the same pub- lication they report that the Oak Grove fauna is found on hilltops near

SURFACE AND SUBSURFACE DISTRIBUTION OF FHE TAMPA LIMESTONE

Fig. 8. Distribution of Tampa limestone.

Bainbridge, Georgia and Roberts, Escambia Co., Alabama. Cooke (1935, p. 100) assigns the Alum Bluff of Georgia to the Hawthorne formation. It would appear then that the Hawthorne included beds equivalent in age to the Oak Grove Sand, but, as far as I have been able to learn, the Shoal River fauna has not been recognized in the Hawthorne formation.

white: LOWER MIOCENE MAMMAL FAUNA OF FLORIDA

41

At Alum Bluff, 4j/£ miles north of Blountstown, Liberty Co., Florida Cooke and Mossom (1928, p. 108) record an unconformity between the Chipola formation and the overlying, plant-bearing beds whose age is

/ THOMAS FARM

2 MIDWAY

3 GRISCOM PLANTATION

SURFACE AND SUB5URFACE DISTRIBUTION OF THE HAWTHORNE AND EQUIVALENT FORMATIONS

Fig. 9. Distribution of Hawthorne and equivalent formations.

still in doubt. This locality is so close to the north boundary of the Oke- fenokee Trough that the unconformity could be caused by a fluctuation of the shore line that would not necessarily drain the trough. As far as I have been able to learn this is the only unconformity recorded in the Hawthorne formation.

42 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Cushman and Ponton (1932) seem to be of the opinion that there was no wide spread interruption in deposition during Alum Bluff time. They (1932, p. 32) say: "The shore-line during this period was a very variable feature, advancing and retreating, depositing beds of varying thickness but all comparatively thin, and forming over-laps to such an extent that it is possible that such over-laps might be mistaken for an unconformity, even between successive zones at any one exposure."

If the unconformity above the Chipola formation at Alum Bluff is only a local feature, the mammalian fauna of the island would have no opportunity to communicate with that of the mainland till after the close of Oak Grove time. This agrees very well with the present corre- lation of the continental Miocene of the Great Plains. Tomarctus thomasi, Amphicyon longiramus, Parahippus barbouri, P. leonensis, and Merychippus gunteri of the Lower Miocene fauna of Florida are very closely related to Tomarctus optatus and brccirostris, Amphicyon sinapius, Parahippus coloradcnsis and brevidcns, P. cognatns and brevidens, and Merychippus primus respectively, of the Late Middle and Upper Miocene of the Plains. That the latter group have no close relatives in the Lower Miocene fauna of the Plains lends support to the idea that they descended from the Florida stock, but were unable to reach the Plains till after Oak Grove time.

It seems probable that the mammalian fossils found at Quincy, Mid- way, and Griscom Plantation (since they occur in marine sediments) had been washed out to sea after severe storms either as carcasses or as individual bones.

ENVIRONMENT

During the time period represented by the fluvial deposit in Gilchrist Co., Florida was a limestone island cut off from the mainland by a shallow sea fifty or sixty miles wide. In Tampa time Florida was an elliptical island roughly 220 miles north-south by 100 east-west. The crustal movements at the end of Tampa time shifted the shore line some but only slightly increased the width. The strait which separated the island from the continent was not appreciably wider during Haw- thorne time than during the Tampa.

If the structure of Florida (Text fig. 4) during the Lower Mio- cene was at all similar to that of today the highest part of the island would have had an elevation of about 200 feet. This is not enough seriously to affect the climate. There is no reason to suppose that the climate was verv different then than now.

white: lower miocene mammal fauna ok Florida 43

The bedrock of the central part of the island was formed by the Ocala limestone and the Suwannee limestone formed that around the edges. Both of these limestones are granular and poorly consolidated. Also both are very pure, but of the two the Suwannee limestone carries a slightly higher content of impurities. Concerning the Ocala lime- stone Cooke and Mossom (1928, p. 48) say: "Its texture is commonly granidar, but parts of it have been converted to hard, compact rock by the deposition of travertine or calcite in its interspaces. In some places it consists of a loosely coherent mass of Foraminifera, Bryozoa, and other small organisms, a mass so porous that water can percolate freely through it; elsewhere it is finer grained and more compact, al- though still pervious to water.

"In chemical composition, as in physical character, the Ocala lime- stone is remarkably uniform. It consists almost entirely of carbonate of lime, and in places contains as little as four-tenths of one percent of impurities."

The same statements are essentially true of the Suwannee limestone. Of it Mansfield (1937, p. 46) says: "The formation consists almost en- tirely of limestone. The unweathered rock is granular to dense, com- pact, usually cream-colored, rather pure limestone. The lower part is at many places more granular than the upper. Mossom gives the following analysis of Suwannee limestone for the quarry of the Florida Hard Rock Products Co., Brooksville, Fla.:

"Silica (Si02)	(3.54
Iron and alumina (Fe+Al)	1.44
Calcium carbonate (CaC03)	91.09
Magnesium carbonate (MgC03)	trace
Undetermined	.93

100.00"

There is, in the Tampa area, a bed of "tough, plastic, greenish sandy clay" 41 to 64 feet thick (Mansfield, 1937, p. 14) below the Tampa limestone. This bed has been encountered in wells and is not known as an outcrop. A somewhat similar deposit is recorded (Mansfield, ibid, p. 29) below the Tampa limestone at Wyley Landing, Georgia. Similar deposits of this age are as yet unknown elsewhere in Florida. It is possible that both are delta deposits and very local in extent.

From the above it is evident that the soil of this island, during the Lower Miocene, was a soft, porous, very pure limestone into which the plants could force their roots without much difficulty. Also these

44 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

limestones are highly fossiliferous and the hard parts of marine organ- isms are in sufficient abundance to supply more than the necessary amount of phosphorus. The abundance of sinkholes in Florida today is ample evidence that these limestones were sufficiently soluble to be available to plants as food. Undoubtedly the soil conditions were similar to that in the Miami-Homestead area today. This area sup- ports abundant vegetation when it receives sufficient rainfall.

Unfortunately there are no fossil plants found in the deposit in which the mammalian remains occur. However, it is permissible to suppose that the vegetation was similar to that found in the Miami- Homestead area today.

It is interesting that cement on the teeth of horses in quantity to be functionally advantageous should make its geologically earliest appear- ance in a region whose soil contained a superabundance of calcium and phosphorus. The deposition of cement around the roots of the teeth and a small amount at the base of the crown is nearly universal in the mammals. That the cement depositing organ should suddenly begin to deposit an excess of cement around the teeth is obviously the result of a change in the animal's physiology. The progressive specimens were able to utilize some of the abundant calcium, or what is just as probable and just as important, they may have lacked the ability to excrete the excess calcium and were forced to utilize it. The deposition of cement on the crown of the teeth was a genetically unstable character in all of the species of fossil horses in this deposit except Merychippus gun- teri. In this species it arrived at a more or less stable quantity after a series of progressive changes from species to species, each having more than its parent, but each presenting a rather wide variation within the species. It would seem then that the deposition of a large amount of cement on the teeth was a hereditary factor which gained complete dominance in this stock at the time it reached the Merychippus stage of development.

CONCLUSIONS

The lenticular nature of the laminated clays and the unsorted ma- terial in the boulder bar show that the mammal bearing sediments were deposited in the channel of a stream which had arrived at grade. Although the data are not available to date exactly the beginning and end of the time interval represented by this deposit it is evident that it began after the deposition of the Suwannee limestone and was brought to a close by the invasion of the Hawthorne sea. The time interval is undoubtedly equivalent to most of the Tampa limestone

WHITE: LOWER MIOCENE MAMMAL FAUNA OF FLORIDA 45

and the lower part of the Hawthorne formation. The Carnivora and the Artiodaetyla have a decided Lower Miocene aspect, and both groups contain at least one genus which is not found on the Great Plains in deposits later than the Upper John Day. The Equidae and some of the Carnivora are very progressive and have as their closest relatives, forms which are found in the Middle and Upper Miocene deposits of the Plains. This disagreement with the stratigraphical data has a plausible explanation in that these forms developed on insular Florida and were unable to escape to the mainland till the end of Oak Grove time. It is thought (on the basis of the difference in the distribution of the Flint River and Tampa sediments) that the conti- nental fauna had an opportunity to reach Florida during the Flint River-Tampa interval, but the evidence is not conclusive. If this should eventually prove to be untrue and that the only opportunity for this fauna to reach Florida was during the Glendon-Flint River interval it will be necessary to revise downward the correlation of the Upper Oligocene and Basal Miocene deposits of the Great Plains.

In only one species (Parahippus leonensis Sellards) are there enough specimens to note the amount of variation. It is possible to divide this series into three groups on the basis of the extremes of the variations which I shall refer to as the conservatives, progressives, and aberrant. The intergrades are sufficiently numerous that no specific separation is possible. The aberrations are not of a lethal or deleterious nature and show up occasionally in the milk teeth of Mcrychippus. They usually express themselves in unusual patterns of the crochet and as multiple plications on the metaloph. This may be the result of unusual activity of the endocrine glands during the time of the forma- tion of the permanent teeth. In the case of the conservative and pro- gressive specimens the difference may be that between sexes. If the principle of Unequal Growth is the correct explanation of the process of the folding of the enamel on the metaloph, it seems reasonable to suppose that the females, with a lower rate of metabolism, would have a less rapid proliferation of the enamel depositing cells and a simpler enamel pattern. However this question cannot be answered till asso- ciated skeletons are found.

This series of fossil horses furnish relatively detailed data on specia- tion in this group. Although the series is not complete, the gaps are so small that they can be bridged with no difficulty. These species {Parahippus blackbergi-barbouri-leonensis-Merychippus gunteri) are a monophyletic series illustrating the development of Merychippus from a very primitive species of Parahippus. In the end there is a condition

46

bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

in which the difference between these two genera is no greater than that which exists between two species of the same genus. Speciation

Mtohi,

LPP

us

rarah

ipp<

U3

Merychtppui

5:

Niobrara River Lower Snaki Creek

Cognatt

us

^Pa

Mascall Deep River vwnee Creek

crentdens Coloraaens'is

breviaens

se/unctus

1

oheep Creek Garvin Gully Ce oar Run

blackbergi

Oak Grove

ilL

yea 1 cans

R

nmus

Hawthorne

Tampa

I

•0

I [2

leorjt

ensis

barbout blackbergi.

aunt

en

Flint Rt ver I am pa Interval

Fig. 10. Graphic representation of the relationships of some of the species of fossil horses.

proceeded rather rapidly and the whole process took place in a rather short period of time. Nor was the entire population transformed from one species into another but the new species split off from the parent

WHITE: LOWER MIOCENE MAMMAL FAUNA OF FLORIDA 47

species by series of progressive changes and the two existed side by side for most of the remainder of the Miocene. Soon after the new species split oft' from the parent species it gave rise to another new species and so on. Unfortunately the record stops with the production of Merychippus gunteri. It would seem that a "high biotic potential" appeared in this stock and was passed on to each new species by robbing the parent species, although the parent species persisted, with di- minishing abundance, till near the close of the Miocene. The idea is graphically represented in Text fig. 10. This is entirely compatible with the record of the appearance of major groups in geologic time. The data on speciation obtained from this series indicate that the phylo- genetic relationships of species based on a series from a single time unit are more nearly correct than formerly supposed, because this pic- ture would be essentially the same whether the series was taken from the Hawthorne, or Sheep Creek, or Deep River.

It is obvious from the above data that Natural Selection could have played no part in the development of Meri/chippus and that the causes of speciation are to be found within the animals themselves. The identification of the causes is the work of the physiologist, the endocrinologist, and the biochemist. The paleontologist can only catalogue the changes after they have taken place.

48 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Geological Literature

Campbell, R. B.

1940. Outline of the Geological History of Florida. Proc. Fla. Acad. Sri., 4, p. 87.

Cole, W. S.

1938. Stratigraphy and Micropaleontology of Two Deep Wells in Florida. Florida Dept. Conserv., Geol. Bull., No. 16.

1941. Stratigraphic and Paleontologic Studies of Wells in Florida. Fla. Dept. Conserv., Geol. Bull., No. 19.

Cooke, C. W.

1923. The Correlation of the Vicksburg Group. U.S.G.S. Prof. Paper 133.

1926. The Cenozoic Formations in the Geology of Alabama. Geol. Sur- vey of Alabama, Special Report No. 14.

1935. Notes on the Vicksburg Group. Am. Ass. Petrol. Geol., Bull., 19. No. 8, p. 1162.

1936. Geology of the Coastal Plain of South Carolina. U.S.G.S., Bull. 867.

1939. The Boundary between the Oligocene and Miocene. Am. Ass. Pet" rol. Geol., Bull., 23, p. 1560.

1940. Prefatory Note in W. C. Mansfield's Mollusks of the Chickasawhay Marl. Journ. Paleont., 14, p. 171.

Cooke, C. W. and Mansfield, W. C.

1936. Suwannee Limestone of Florida. Proc. Geol. Soc. Amer. for 1935,

p. 71.

Cooke, C. W. and Mossom, Stuart

1928. Geology of Florida. Florida State Geol. Survey, Twentieth Ann. Report.

Cushman, J. A. and Ponton, G. M.

1932. The Foraminifera of the Upper, Middle and part of the Lower Miocene of Florida. Florida State Geol. Survey, Bull. No. 9.

Howe, Henry V.

1942. Fauna of the Glendon Limestone at its Type Locality. Journ. Paleont., 16, p. 264.

Mansfield, W. C.

1937. Mollusks of the Tampa and Suwannee Limestones of Florida. Fla. Dept. Conserv., Geol. Bull. No. 15.

WHITE: LOWER MIOCENE MAMMAL FAUNA OF FLORIDA 49

Matson, G. C. and Sanford, Samuel

1913. Geology and Ground Waters of Florida. U.S.G.S. Water-supply paper 319.

Mossom, Stuart

1926. A Review of the Structure and Stratigraphy of Florida with Special Reference to the Petroleum Possibilities. Florida State Geol. Survey, 17th Ann. Report, p. 169.

Prettyman T. M. and Cave, H. S.

1923. Petroleum and Natural Gas Possibilities in Georgia. Geol. Survey of Georgia, Bull. No. 40.

Semmes, D. R.

1929. Oil and Gas in Alabama. Geol. Survey of Alabama, Special Re- port 15.

Stephenson, L. W. and Veatch, J. O.

1915. Underground Waters of the Coastal Plain of Georgia. U.S.G.S. Water-supply Paper 341.

Toulmin, Lyman D., Jr.

1940. The Salt Mountain Limestone of Alabama. Geol. Survey of Alabama, Bull. 46.

Veatch, J. O. and Stephenson, L. W.

1911. Geology of the Coastal Plain of Georgia. Geol. Survey of Georgia, Bull. 26.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES

PLATE 1

White — Lower Miocene Mammal Fauna of Florida

PLATE 1

Fig. 1. Daphaenus caroniavorus spec. nov. Type, M.C.Z. No. 3727, Crown view of left M1^. x 2%.

Fig. 2. Paradaphaenus tropicalis spec. nov. Type, M.C.Z. No. 3729, right PMVR x2H-

Fig. 3. Nothocyon insularis spec. nov. Type, M.C.Z. No. 3812, occlusal view of right P4-M2. x 2M.

BULL. MUS. COMP. ZOOL

White Lower Miocene Mammal Fauna of Florida. Plate 1

M.C.Z. 372.7

V

rW-

MC.Z. 3729

M.C.Z. 3812

PLATE 2

White — Lower Miocene Mammal Fauna of Florida

PLATE 2

Fig. 1. Paradaphaenus nobilis (Simpson). M.C.Z. No. 3725, occlusal view of left P"-M2. x 23^.

Fig. 2. Tomarctus canavus (Simpson). M.C.Z. No. 3813, occlusal view of leftPMVP. x2j^.

BULL. MUS. COMP. ZOOL

White: Lower Miocene Mammal Fauna of Florida. Plate2

PLATE 3

White — Lower Miocene Mammal Fauna of Florida

PLATE 3

Fig. 1. Lateral and Fig. 2, occlusal views of Paradaphaenas nobilis (Simp- son). M.C.Z. No. 3724. x 1.

BULL. MUS. COMP. ZOOL.

White Lower Miocene Mammal

Fauna of Florida. Plate 3

PLATE 4

White — Lower Miocene Mammal Fauna of Florida

PLATE 4

Fig. 1. Occlusal, and Fig. 2, lateral views of Paradaphaenus tropicalis spec. nov. Paratype, M.C.Z. No. 3714. x 1.

BULL. MUS. COMP. ZOOL.

White: Lower M iocene Mammal

Fauna of Florida. Plate 4

PLATE 5

White — Lower Miocene Mammal Fauna of Florida

PLATE 5

Fig. 1. Occlusal, and Fig. 2, lateral views of Amphicyon longiramus spec, nov. Type, M.C.Z. No. 3919. x 1/2.

BULL. MUS. COMP. ZOOL.

White Lower Miocene Mammal

Fauna of Florida. Plate 5

PLATE 6

White — Lower Miocene Mammal Fauna of Florida

PLATE 6

Fig. 1. Medial, Fig. 2, occlusal, and Fig. 3, lateral views of Tomarctus canavus (Simpson). M.C.Z. No. 3628. x 1.

BULL. MUS. COMP. ZOOL.

White: Lower Miocene Mammal

Fauna of Florida. Plate 6

Fig. 2

M.CZ.3628

PLATE 7

White — Lower Miocene Mammal Fauna of Florida

PLATE 7

Fig. 1. Occlusal, and Fig. 2, lateral views of Tomarctus thomasi White. M.C.Z. No. 3712. x 1.

BULL. MUS. COMP. ZOOL.

White: Lower Miocene Mammal

Fauna of Florida. Plate 7

sm

m*

<;f

v

PLATE 8

White — Lower Miocene Mammal Fauna of Florida

PLATE 8

Fig. 1. Palatal, and Fig. 2, lateral views of skull of Hypcrmekops olseni gen. et spec. nov. Genoholotype, M.C.Z. No. 3711. x 4/10. Fig. 3. Occlusal view of left P2-M3. x 4/5.

BULL. MUS. COMP. ZOOL.

White; Lower Miocene Mammal Fauna of Florida. Plate 8

PLATE 9

White — Lower Miocene Mammal Fauna of Florida

PLATE 9

Fig. 1. Lateral, and Fig. 2, occlusal views of left mandible of Aiichitherium clarencei Simpson. M.C.Z. No. 3810. x 2/3.

BULL. MUS. COMP. ZOOL.

White: Lower Miocene Mammal Fauna of Florida. Plate9

PLATE 10

White — Lower Miocene Mammal Fauna of Florida

PLATE 10

Fig. 1. Occlusal view of left upper dentition of Parahippus blackbergi (Hay). M.C.Z. No. 3829. x iy2.

Fig. 2. Lateral, and Fig. 3, occlusal view of milk teeth and permanent molars of Parahippus blackbergi (Hay). M3 has been artificially exposed.

A/I ri V -NT,, oo An -il/

M.C.Z. No. 3840. x \V2.

BULL. MUS. COMP. ZOOL.

White Lower Miocene Mammal Fauna of Florida. Plate 10

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PLATE 11

White — Lower Miocene Mammal Fauna of Florida

PLATE 11

Fig. 1. Occlusal, and Fig. 2, lateral views of upper right cheek teeth of Parahippus barbouri spec. nov. Type, M.C.Z. No. 3646. x 1.

BULL. MUS. COMP. ZOOL.

White Lower Miocene Mammal Fauna of Florida. Plate 11

V\

PLATE 12

White — Lower Miocene Mammal Fauna of Florida

PLATE 12

Fig. 1. Occlusal, and Fig. 2, lateral views of right mandible of Parahippus barbouri spec. nov. Paratype, M.C.Z. No. 3814. x 1/2.

BULL. MUS. COMP. ZOOL.

White: LowerMiocene Mammal Fauna of Florida. Plate 12

PLATE 13

White — Lower Miocene Mammal Fauna of Florida

PLATE 13

Fig. 1. Conservative (M.C.Z. No. 3921), and Fig. 2, progressive (M.C.Z. No. 3744) specimens of Parahippus leonensis Sellards. xl|.

Fig. 3. Merychippus gunteri Simpson. M.C.Z. No. 3801. Occlusal view of upper right cheek teeth, x 4/5.

BULL. MUS. COMP. ZOOL.

White; Lower Miocene Mammal

Fauna of Florida. Plate 13

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s

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PLATE 14

White — Lower Miocene Mammal Fauna of Florida

PLATE 14

Details of the Excavation in North Florida. Fig. 1, diagrammatic plan of excavation. The dotted line indicates the approximate limits of the boulder bar, and the dashed line indicates the edge of the outlier of the Hawthorne formation. Fig. 2, Generalized section along line BJ-B. Fig. 3, Generalized section along line C'-C. Fig. 4, generalized section along line AJ-A.

BULL. MUS. COMP. ZOOL.

White: Lower Miocene Mammal Fauna of Florida. Plate 14

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Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology

AT HARVARD COLLEGE

Vol. XCII, No. 2

FIRST SUPPLEMENT TO THE LIST OF TYPES OF BIRDS NOW IN THE MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY

By James L. Peters

CAMBRIDGE, MASS., U.S.A.

PRINTED FOR THE MUSEUM

March, 1943

No. 2. — First Supplement to the List of Types of Birds now in the Museum of Comparative Zoology

By James L. Peters

In March 1930 was published in this Bulletin (70, 4, p. 147-426) a list of the types of birds then in the collection. The author was Outram Bangs, Curator of Birds, who between 1909 and the time of his death in 1932 built up the museum's bird collection from a small and inadequate one to one of the finest anywhere.

The List of Types was published as an anniversary volume and was first distributed on the evening of 17 March, 1930 at a meeting of the Nuttall Ornithological Club, when Bangs' fiftieth anniversary of election to membership in the Club was appropriately celebrated.

Since the publication of the first list of types, an open manuscript has been kept in anticipation of publishing a supplement at some future date. Comments on types made by Outram Bangs in the open manuscript are initialed O. B. Otherwise the author is responsible for such discussion. The time for publication of the supplemental list has now arrived, since it seems probable that no important ornitho- logical discoveries based on exploration and new field work will be made for some years to come.

The order of this supplemental list is the same as that employed in the first list, i.e., that of Sharpe's Hand-List. The dagger (f ) indicates that the name is surely a synonym.

This also seems an opportune time to publish a bibliography of the writings of Outram Bangs ; no such list has been published previously, and since Bangs' period of activity extended for nearly forty years and his articles appeared in many different journals, it is doubtful if a complete bibliography could be prepared without access to his own carefully kept set.

The task of preparing this bibliography was entrusted to Miss Margaret D. Porter (now Mrs. Chandler Bigelow) formerly a Research Assistant in the Bird Department, whose catalogues and card entries bear testimony to the many hours of painstaking care she put into her work.

54 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

TINAMIDAE

Crypturellus soui decolor Griscom and Greenway

Crypturellus soui decolor Griscom and Greenway, Bull. Mas. Comp. Zool., 81,

2, May ( = 10 June), 1937, p. 417. Type. No. 173012, ad. c?; Brazil: Para; Pinhy, on the right bank of the Rio

Tapajoz; 15 June, 1933; A. M. Olalla.

Listed as No. 173021 in the original description due to typographical error.

CRACIDAE

Penelope superctliaris argyromitra Neumann

Penelope superciliaris argyromitra Neumann, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, 53, 31 Jan- uary, 1933, p. 94.

Type. No. 160966, ad. 9 ; Brazil: Central Goyaz, Veadeiros, near Forte, "2/12/" 1929; Jose Blaser.

Compared with birds from the Tapajoz and Santarem, Neumann's type differs chiefly in that the whitish superciliaries meet across the forehead; the superciliaries are broader than in specimens from Bahia and Sao Paulo. The type is much grayer (less green or bronzy) than any specimens of P. superciliaris in the Museum of Comparative Zoology; it is also in much more worn plumage than any skins of the species we possess.

Forte is in east-central Goyaz on the Rio Paranan, about 150 miles from its junction with the Tocantins.

Ortalis wagleri griseiceps van Rossem

Ort-alis wagleri cinereiceps van Rossem, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 77, 7, 29

December, 1934, p. 431. Type. No. 224937, ad. <?; Mexico: Sonora, Alamos; 16 March, 1888; M. A.

Frazar.

Ortalis garrula mira Griscom

Ortalis garrula mira Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 72, 9, 19 January,

1932, p. 318. Type. No. 156508, ad. o71 ," Eastern Panama: Ranchon, Caribbean slope;

20 January, 1931; H. Wedel.

peters: supplementary list of types of birds 55

PHASIANIDAE

Francolinus squamatus uzungwensis Bangs and Loveridge

Francolinus squamatus uzungwensis Bangs and Loveridge, Proc. New Eng. Zool. Club, 12, 1931, p. 93.

Type. No. 148262, ad. cf ; Tanganyika Territory: Kigogo, Uzungwe Moun- tains; 30 January, 1931; A. Loveridge.

Ithaginis cruentus holoptilus Greenway

Ithaginis cruentus holoptilus Greenway, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 74, 5, 20

February, 1930, p. 113. Type. No. 160786, ad. cf; China: Yunnan, Likiang district, Chou-yu-gko,

above Tao-mung-chung; east slopes of the Yangtse-Mekong Divide,

13,000 to 15,000 feet; April, 1931; Joseph F. Rock.

Pucrasia joretiaxa Heude

Pucrasia Joretiana Heude, Ibis, 1883, p. 225. Cotype. No. 132657, from the La Touche Collection.

This skin is one of Heude's original specimens, and as such is a cotype. It was given, with that assurance, to La Touche by Father F. Courtois.

Heude gave no locality for his specimens, but without much doubt they came from the mountains of Anhwei Province, where the species has since been found to live.

Hartert is quite right, it seems to me, in carrying this peculiar short crested form as a distinct species. [O. B.]

ODONTOPHORIDAE

Cyrtonyx ocellatus differens Griscom

Cyrtonyx ocellatus differens Griscom, Proc. New Eng. Zool. Club, 13, 7 Novem- ber, 1932, p. 56.

Type. No. 161001, ad. a" ; Honduras : Hatillo; 8 May, 1932; C. F. Underwood.

■

Rhynchortyx cinctus hypopius Griscom

Rhynchortyx cinctus hypopius Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 72, 9, 19

January, 1932, p. 320. Type. No. 155038, ad. 9 ; Eastern Panama: Obaldia, Caribbean slope; 12

August, 1930; H. Wedel.

56 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

TURNICIDAE

Turnix sylvatica kinneari Neumann

Turnix sylvatica kinneari Neumann, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, 59, 1939, p. 91. Type. No. 270547, 9 ; Peling Island; 20 July, 1938; J. J. Menden.

PTEROCLIDIDAE

Pterocles senegallus remotus Neumann

Pterocles senegallus remotus Neumann, Anz. Orn. Ges. Bayern, 20, 1934, p. 471. Type. No. 166790, ad. d"; India: Cutch, Kunaria, 300 ft.; 20 February, 1934; Sir G. F. Archer.

Pterocles orientalis enigmaticus Neumann

Pterocles orientalis enigmaticus Neumann, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, 55, 31 Decem- ber, 1934, p. 73.

Type. No. 166788, ad. d1; India: near Rann of Cutch; 1 January, 1934; Sir G. F. Archer.

Pterocles lichtensteinii nigricans Neumann

Pterocles lichtensteinii nigricans Neumann, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, 55, 31

December, 1934, p. 72. Type. No. 166786, ad. d1; southern Ethiopia: Suksuk River (between Lake

Zwai and Afchafdo); 6 April, 1925; Oscar Neumann.

COLUMBIDAE

Leucotreron subgularis restrictus Ripley

Leucotrcron subgularis restrictus Ripley, Occ. Papers Boston Soc. Nat. Hist.,

8, 3 March, 1941, p. 349. Type. No. 166923, ad. d1; Celebes: Gimpoe, 22 August, 1917; H. C. Raven.

Macropygia amboinensis atrata Ripley

Macro pygia amboinensis atrata Ripley, Occ. Papers Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 8,

3 March, 1941, p. 351. Type. No. 270115, ad. d1; Togian Islands: Oena Oena, 3 September, 1939;

J. J. Menden.

peters: supplementary list of types of birds 57

Streptopelia vinacea bailunduensis Neumann now Streptopelia capicola bailunduensis Neumann

Streptopelia vinacea bailunduensis Neumann, Verh. Orn. Ges. Bayern, 20,

Heft 1, 1933, p. 226. Type. No. 165837, ad. o\- Benguella: Bailundu, Chipepe, 7 July, 1928;

Paul Koester.

This form is apparently most nearly related to S. c. damarensis (Finish and Hartlaub). Neumann considers the "Artenkreise" Streptopelia capicola and S. vinacea as belonging to the same "formen- kreis", but I follow Sclater and other recent writers on African birds in considering the two distinct. Those adhering to the latter as the correct view will call this bird S. capicola bailunduensis.

Claravis mondetoura umbrina Griscom

Claravis mondetoura umbrina Griscom, Occ. Papers Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 5,

1930, p. 288. Type. No. 116433, ad. 9 ; Costa Rica: La Estrella de Cartago; 28 December,

1900; C. F. Underwood.

Claravis mondetoura pulchra Griscom

Claravis mondetoura pulchra Griscom, Occ. Papers Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 5,

1930, p. 288. Type. No. 109178, ad.d"; western Panama: Boquete; 27 March, 1901; W. W.

Brown.

Leptotila plumbeiceps notius Peters

Leptotila plumbeiceps notius Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 71, 1931, p. 298. Type. No. 137625, ad. c? ; Panama: Almirante; 15 November, 1928; H. Wedel.

Leptotila rufaxilla hypochroos Griscom and Greenway

Leptotila rufaxilla hypochroos Griscom and Greenway, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.,

81, 2, May ( = 10 June), 1937, p. 419. Type. No. 143253, ad. cf; Surinam: Paramaribo; 26 July, 1914; native

collectors for T. E. Penard.

Oreopeleia la wrench lentipes Peters

Oreopelia [sic] lawrencii lentipes Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 71, 1931,

p. 300. Type. No. 121126, ad.c?; Costa Rica: Tenorio; 11 February, 1908; C. F.

Underwood.

58 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

RALLIDAE

Rallus longirostris belizensis Oberholser

Rallus longirostris belizensis Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 84, 3018,

30 June, 1937, p. 335. Type. No. 119747, ad. 9 ; British Honduras: Ycacos Lagoon; 14 May, 1907;

Morton E. Peck.

Rallus striatus insulsus Greenway

Rallus striatus insulsus Greenway, Proc. New England Zool. Club, 14, 1

February, 1935, p. 28. Type. No. 167023, ad. 9 ; northeastern New Guinea: Morobe district, Wau,

3800 feet; 15 May, 1932; Herbert Stevens.

PORZANA ALBICOLLIS TYPHOECA Peters

Porzana albicollis typhoeca Peters, Proc. New England Zool. Club, 13, 19

December, 1932, p. 66. Type. No. 141834, ad. 9 ; Colombia: Santa Marta, Rio Frio; 21 August,

1928; P. J. Darlington, Jr.

Porzana flaviventer bangsi Darlington

Porzana flaviventer bangsi Darlington, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 71, 1931,

p. 372. Type. No. 141831, ad. cf; Colombia: Santa Marta region, Cienaga; April 13,

1929; P. J. Darlington, Jr.

COLYMBIDAE Colymbus dominicus bangsi van Rossem and Hachisuka

Colyntbus dominicus bangsi van Rossem and Hachisuka, Trans. San Diego

Soc. Nat. Hist., 8, 15 June, 1937, p. 323. Type. No. 218269, ad. 9 ; Lower California: Santiago; 15 November, 1887;

M. A. Frazar.

ALCIDAE

Catarractes californicus Bryant now Uria aalge californicus (Bryant)

Catarractes californicus Bryant, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 8, 1861, p. 142.

Cotype. No. 46265, ad. <? ; Farallon Islands, California, (probably collected

by Ferdinand Gruber, summer of 1860). Bryant Collection No. 1156.

When Penard and I wrote an account of the types of the birds described by Dr. Henry Bryant (Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 67, 3,

peters: supplementary list of types of birds 59

June 1925) we did not claim type or cotype of Catarractes californicus. At the time the type was supposed to be No. 17402 in the United States National Museum, and our beautiful specimen, No. 1156 Bryant Collection, we, rather reluctantly, did not mention at all.

Lately Grinnell (Type Localities of Birds Described from Cali- fornia, Univ. of Cal. Publ. Zool., 38, 3, 1932, p. 273) says that No. 17402 is not now in the National Museum, "having probably been given away or exchanged under a policy of distribution obtaining under the Bairdian regime". It seems to me that very likely it was given to Dr. Bryant (and is No. 1156 of his collection) who at that time received many skins from the National Museum.

I therefore immediately sent the Bryant Collection specimen to Dr. Grinnell, who after carefully examining it very kindly wrote, "I am sending back to you the undoubted cotype of Catarractes cali- f omicus Bryant. I grant that it may be the type — in that it might be the missing number 17402 of the National Museum. Its bill cer- tainly fits Bryant's drawing 'No. 3. C. californicus adult' ".

I agree with Grinnell that it is, on the whole, best to regard this skin and the one still in the National Museum No. 17407, as co types rather than to assume that our specimen is the missing No. 17402 and therefore the holotype.

Bryant followed the custom of his time and removed original labels and substituted his own on all birds he acquired in exchange or by purchase. For that reason we can now but guess the original number of the present skin. [O. B.]

LARIDAE

Sterna bengalensis emigrata Neumann now Thalasseus bengalensis emigratus (Neumann)

Sterna bengalensis emigrata Neumann, Anz. Orn. Ges. Bayern, 2, 8 March,

1934, p. 331. Type. No. 160968, ad. 9 ; Morocco: Tangier Region; Oleese.

PSOPHIIDAE Psophia viridis interjecta Griscom and Greenway

P sophia viridis interjecta Griscom and Greenway, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 81,

2, May ( = 10 June), 1937, p. 419. • Type. No. 173207, ad.d"; Brazil: Para, Cavieta on the left bank of the Rio

Tocantins; 20 December, 1932; A. M. Olalla.

60 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

ARDEIDAE

Nycticorax caledonicus cancrivorus Neumann

Nycoticorax caledonicus cancrivorus Neumann, Orn. Monatsb., 38, 1930, p. 18. Type. No. 153638, ad. 9 ; Bismarck Archipelago: Uatom Island; 13 December, 1928; Pater Otto Meyer. Bought from Professor Oscar Neumann.

SULIDAE

Sula leucogaster yamashinae Neumann

Sula leucogaster yamashinae Neumann, Anz. Orn. Ges. Bayern, 2, 1932, p. 146. Type. No. 153637, ad. 9 ; Bonin Archipelago: Chichishima Island; 22 January,

1930; Marquis Yamashina's collectors. Bought from Professor Oscar

Neumann.

PHAETHONTIDAE

Phaethon aethereus mesonauta Peters

Phaethon aethereus mesonauta Peters, Occ. Papers Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 5

April 15, 1930, p. 261. Type. No. 238017, ad. 9 ; Panama: Swan Key, Almirante Bay; 3 June, 1927;

H. Wedel.

Phaethon aethereus limatus Peters

Phaethon aethereus limatus Peters, Occ. Papers Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 5,

April 15, 1930, p. 261. Type. No. 65699, ad. cf ; Galapagos Archipelago: Tower Island; 3 September,

1891; G. Baur.

ACCIPITRIDAE

Micrastur mirandollei extimus Griscom and Greenway

Micrastur mirandollei extimus Griscom and Greenway, Bull. Mus. Comp.

Zool., 81, 2, May ( = 10 June), 1937, p. 418. Type. No. 155116, ad. 9 ; Panama: Perme, on the Caribbean coast of extreme

eastern Darien; 16 April, 1929; H. Wedel.

Geranospiza caerulescens flexipes Peters

Geranospiza caerulescens flexipes Peters, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 48, 3 May,

1935, p. 72. Type. No. 99141, ad. 9 ; Argentina: Chaco, Resistencia; 18 July, 1915; J.

Mogensen.

peters: supplementary list of types of birds 61

Buteo jamaicensis solitudinis Barbour

Buteo jamaicensis solitudinis Barbour, Occ. Papers Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 8,

24 July, 1935, p. 207. Type. No. 168467, 9; Cuba: Soledad, (near Cienfuegos); 20 March, 1935;

Thomas Barbour.

Chondrohierax uncinatus aquilonis Friedmann

Chondrohierax uncinatus aquilonis Friedmann, Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci., 24, 7, 15 July, 1934, p. 314.

Type. No. 113711, ad. a"; Mexico: Tamaulipas; 9 April, 1900; F. B. Arm- strong.

No collector's name is given on the original label; the bird was originally in the Bangs Collection and was given to Outram Bangs by John E. Thayer who presumably purchased it from C. K. Worthen. The original label is a small tag written in Frank B. Armstrong's hand.

Chondrohierax uncinatus immanis Friedmann

Chondrohierax uncinatus immanis Friedmann, Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci., 24, 7,

15 July, 1934, p. 315. Type. No. 149835, not sexed (9 by plumage); Ecuador: Oriente, Ambata.

Reinberg.

This specimen was presented to the Museum by Dr. Alfred O. Gross who purchased it while in Ecuador in 1927; prior to Friedmann's work on Chondrohierax it was believed to represent megarhynchus. The bird had no original label ; the data being transcribed onto one of Dr. Gross' collection labels. The skin is not quite characteristic of the well known "Quito Trade Skin", but is stuffed with the same kind of dried moss. The locality should probably be spelled Ambato; Dr. Chapman (Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 55, 1926, p. 703) states that this is "a town in a warm valley of the interandine table-land" but that a small collection of native-made skins said to have come from there proved to be from the eastern slope of the Andes.

STRIGIDAE

Bubo ketupu aagaardi Neumann now Ketupa ketupu aagaardi (Neumann)

Bubo ketupu aagaardi Neumann, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, 55, 30 April, 1935,

p. 138. Type. No. 170620, 9 ; southern Siam: Bang Nara, 25 July, 1932; K. Gercke.

Purchased from Professor Oscar Neumann.

62 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Bubo ketupu pageli Neumann now Ketupa ketupu pageli (Neumann)

Bubo ketupu pageli Neumann, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, 55, 30 April, 1935, p. 138. Type. No. 170619, no sex; British North Borneo: Bengkoka River, Marudo Bay; 2 May, 1893; Pagel.

Purchased from Professor Oscar Neumann.

Bubo bubo inexpectatus La Touche

Bubo bubo inexpectatus La Touche. A Hand Book of the Birds of Eastern

China, Vol. 2, part 2, January, 1932, p. 113. Type. No. 88359, ad.cf ; China: Chihli, Chin Lung Shan, 12 February, 1922;

F. R. Wulsin.

PULSATRIX PERSPICILLATA CHAPMANI GrisCOm

Pulsatrix perspicillata chapmani Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 72, 9,

January 19, 1932, p. 325. Type. No. 155173, ad. d1; eastern Panama: Pernio, Caribbean slope of Darien;

2 May, 1929; H. Wedel.

Otus asio var enano "Lawr. Ms." now Otus trichopsis trichopsis (Wagler)

Otus asio var enano "Lawr. Ms." Baird and Ridgway, Bull. Essex Inst., 5, 12, 1873, p. 200; "Eastern Mexico, south to Guatemala".

Scops trichopsis Wagler, Isis von Oken, 1832, col. 276.

Cotype. No. 72899; Guatemala. No exact locality, date and collector not known; received from the Boston Society of Natural History.

In their original description of this bird, Baird and Ridgway state definitely that "this well marked race is founded upon a specimen from Mexico in Mr. Lawrence's cabinet and one from Guatemala in the Museum of the Boston Society. The two are alike in colors, but as might be expected, the southern one is smaller". Since neither specimen is designated as the type, both of course rank equally as cotypes, though the bird from the Lawrence collection, now no. 44811 in the American Museum of Natural History, has long arbitrarily been considered the type and the equally valid claim of the Boston Society bird overlooked or ignored.

For further discussion of the application of this name see Moore and Peters, Auk, 56, 1939, p. 45-46.

peters: supplementary list of types of birds 63

LOPHOSTRIX CRISTATA WEDELI GrisCOITl

Lophostrix cristata wedeli Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 72, 9, 19 January,

1932, p. 326. Type. No. 155180, ad. 9 ; eastern Panama: Perme, Caribbean slope of Darien;

2 November, 1929; H. Wedel.

Glaucidium minutissimum rarum Griscom

Glaucidium minutissimum rarum Griscom, Proc. New. England Zool. Club,

12, 1931, p. 41. Type. No. 155189, ad. d", Panama: Perme, Caribbean slope; 14 July, 1929;

H. Wedel.

TYTOXIDAE

Tyto alba hellmayri Griscom and Greenway

Tyto alba hellmayri Griscom and Greenway, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 81, 2,

May ( = 10 June), 1937, p. 421. Type. No. 143296, ad. 9 ; Surinam: Paramaribo; 30 January, 1913; native

collectors for T. E. Penard.

Tyto rosenbergi pelengensis Neumann

Tyto rosenbergi pelengensis Neumann, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, 59, 21 April, 1939,

p. 92. Type. No. 270559, <?; Peling Island; 22 August, 1938; J. J. Menden.

Tyto capensis libratus Peters and Loveridge

Tyto capensis libratus Peters and Loveridge, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 48, 3 May

1935, p. 77. Type. No. 168653, ad. 9 ; Kenya Colony: Kakamega district, Kaimosi; 21

February, 1834; Arthur Loveridge.

PSITTACIDAE

Trichoglossus (Charmosyxa) arfaki A. B. Meyer now Oreopsittacus arfaki arfaki (A. B. Meyer)

Trichoglossus (Charmosyna) Arfaki A. B. Meyer, Verh. Zool-bot. Ges. Wien,

24, 1874, p. 37. Cotype. No. 158946, 9 ; New Guinea: Arfak, Hattam, 3500 feet; July, 1873;

Dr. Adolf Bernard Meyer.

64 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Bought of Rosenberg in January, 1936, and presented by Dr. Thomas Barbour.

This is the specimen figured in Rowley's "Ornithological Miscellany", 1, pt. 3, 1876, pi. to text p. 145-148. According to Rowley the plate was drawn from a female bearing the data set forth above. Dr. Meyer described arfalci from a series and did not designate a holotype, hence our specimen is a cotype. On the reverse of the original label is the number 972 (in ink), which I judge to be the field number of the specimen; it is probably not a Rowley collection number since other specimens from the Rowley collection are not numbered. Also on the reverse side is written in pencil "Trichoglossus Arfaki Meyer, Type", but I am unable to identify the handwriting.

Nasiterna pygmaea geelvinkiana Schlegel

now MlCROPSITTA GEELVINKIANA GEELVINKIANA (Schlegel)

Nasiterna -pygmaea Geelvinkiana Schlegel, Nederl. Tijdschr. Dierk., 4, 1873

(1871), p. 7; Mafor and Misori. Cotype. No. 158948, <?; "Nufoor", 13 February, 1869; [von Rosenberg]

original number 229. Cotype. No. 158947; 9; "Nufoor", 13 February, 1869; [von Rosenberg]

original number 231.

Both these birds were figured in Rowley's "Ornithological Mis- cellany" 1, pt. 3 pi. 1876, accompanying text, p. 152-160; on p. 157, Rowley writes that the specimens figured are nos. 231 9 and 229 cf •

While Rosenberg's name was added in pencil on the original label, this was done at a subsequent date, since the writing does not agree with the hand that penned the data. There is no doubt, however, that these birds were actually taken by Rosenberg and form a part of the original type series on which Schlegel based geelvinkiana, since Schlegel states that Rosenberg was on Numfor (now Mafor) from January to March, 1869. In his original description Schlegel pointed out differ- ences between the birds from Mafor and Misori but did not separate them; later Salvadori renamed both forms as maforensis and misorien- sis respectively because Schlegel's name covered two separate races; this procedure is not in accord with ordinary nomenclatural practice and Rothschild and Hartert in Nov. Zool., 8, 1901, p. 90, were quite right in restricting Schlegel's name to one of the two forms, in this case to the Mafor bird, and allowing one of Salvadori's to stand for the Misori bird.

This nice little pair was bought from W. F. H. Rosenberg the

peters: supplementary list of types of birds 65

London dealer, in January 1936, and presented to the Museum by Dr. Thomas Barbour.

Amazona amazonica micra Griseom and Greenway

Amazona amazonica micra Griseom and Greenway, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.,

81, 2, May ( = 10 June), 1937, p. 420. Type. No. 143325, ad. d"; Surinam: Paramaribo; 18 January, 1913; native

collectors for T. E. Penard.

Graydidascalus brachyurus insulsus Griseom and Greenway

Graydidasculus [sic] brachyurus insulsus Griseom and Greenway, Bull. Mus.

Comp. Zool., 81, 2, May ( = 10 June), 1937, p. 420. Type. No. 173516, ad. c? ; Brazil: Lago Grande on the south bank of the

Amazon; 9 September, 1932; A. M. Olalla.

Poicephalus reichenowi Neumann

Poicephalus reichenowi Neumann, Journ. f. Orn., 46, 1898, p. 501.

Cotype. No. 160972, ad. 9 ; Angola: Quango; 3 January, 1881; von Mechow.

This distinct species was originally described from a series without designation of a holotype; on the reverse of the label is a note in Professor Neumann's own hand; it reads: — "this is one of the nine typical specimens ... I have myself never designated a type. O. N."

Tanygnathus talautensis Meyer and Wiglesworth

now Tanygnathus lucionensis talautensis

Meyer and Wiglesworth

Tanygnathus talautensis Meyer and Wiglesworth, Abh. Ber. K. Zool. Mus.

Dresden, 1894-95, 1895, no. 9, p. 2. Cotype. No. 97345, ad. 9 ; Talaut Islands: Karkellang, Melumbuane; 8

November 1894; Charles W. Cursharii's collectors. Received in exchange

with the Dresden Museum.

Meyer and Wiglesworth state in their original description that they first received three specimens from Kabruang, Talaut Islands, but did not distinguish these birds from the typical race; subsequently the receipt of ten additional skins from Karkellang and Esang made it clear that a well marked race was involved which they proceeded to name as above. No specimen was designated as the holotype in the original description and our bird, as one of the original series in the Dresden Museum, ranks as a cotype.

However, in Meyer and Wiglesworth's Birds of Celebes (Vol. I,

G6 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

1898, p. 145) appears the statement "ad. Karkellang C 13766, type of species; and others." This would seem to be a subsequent selection of a holotype and those who believe in this practice will deny the claim of our specimen to be a cotype. It formerly bore the number C 13767 in the Dresden Museum.

ALCEDINIDAE ( eyx erithacus captus Ripley

Ceyx erithacus captus Ripley, Proc. New England Zool. CI., 19, 29 December,

1941, p. 15. Type. No. 194799, ad. d\ Dutch East Indies: Nias, Soliga; 2 August 1937;

Barbara Lawrence.

CAPRIMULGIDAE

Lurocalis semitorquatus nocti vagus Griswold

Lurocalis semitorquatus noctivagus Griswold, Proc. New England Zool. Club,

15, 13 July, 1936, p. 101. Type. No. 171659, ad. 9 ; Canal Zone: Rio Pequeni, Salamanca Hydrographic

Station; 21 February, 1936; J. A. Griswold, Jr.

Hydropsalis climacocerca canescens Griscom and Greenway

Hydropsalis climacocerca canescens Griscom and Greenway, Bull. Mus. Comp.

Zool., 81, 2, May ( =10 June), 1937, p. 425. Type. No. 173621, ad. d1; Brazil: Lago Grande on the south bank of the

Amazon west of the mouth of the Tapajoz; 11 September, 1932; A. M.

Olalla.

In a paper (Ann. Carnegie Mus., 25, p. 245) published 6 November, 1937, Mr. W. E. Clyde Todd described two additional races of Hydrop- salis climacocerca; one (H. c. pallidior) from Santarem, the other (H. c. intcrcedens) from islands in the Amazon River opposite Obidos. Thus there are three named forms inhabiting a stretch of the Amazon River not much over sixty-five miles long. It is quite probable that with larger series it will prove necessary to sink one or more of the proposed races as a synonym.

Nyctiphrynus ocellatus brunnescens Griscom and Greenway

Nyctiphrynus ocellatus brunnescens Griscom and Greenway, Bull. Mus. Comp.

Zool., 81, 2, May ( = 10 June), 1937, p. 422. Type. No. 169363, ad. d1 ; Brazil: Bahia, Fazenda Santa Maria on the Rio

Gongogy; 12 April, 1932; W. Garbe.

peters: supplementary list of types of birds 67

Nyctipolus nigrescens duidae Griscom and Greenway

Nyctipolus nigrescens duidae Griscom and Greenway, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.,

81, 2, May ( = 10 June), 1937, p. 423. Type. No. 147396, ad.d"; Venezuela: Mt. Duida, Valle de los Monos, 725

metres; 9 November, 1928; A. M. Olalla.

Caprimulgus rufus minimus Griscom and Greenway

Caprimulgus rufus minimus Griscom and Greenway, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.,

81, 2, May ( = 10 June), 1937, p. 424. Type. No. 114053, ad. 9 ; Panama: Panama City; 6 May, 1904; W. W.

Brown.

Caprimulgus koesteri Neumann

now Caprimulgus poliocephalus koesteri Neumann

Caprimulgus koesteri Neumann, Journ. fur On., 79, Heft 4, October, 1931,

p. 550. Type. No. 165862, not sexed but apparently a cf ; Benguella: Bailundoland,

Lebule near Luimbale; Paul Koester.

HEMIPROCNIDAE

Hemiprocne comata barbarae Peters

Ih iniprocne comata barbarae Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 86, 2, 27 Novem- ber, 1939, p. 95.

Type. No. 194255, <?; Philippine Islands: Mindoro, Naujan, Bayog, 2 May, 1937; F. S. Rivera.

This form is named in honor of Miss Barbara Lawrence of the staff of the Museum of Comparative Zoology who in 1937 collected birds and mammals in the Philippine Islands and who secured Senor Rivera's services to collect birds on Mindoro.

Hemiprocne comata stresemanni Neumann

Hemiprocne comata stresemanni Neumann, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, 57, 30 June,

1937, p. 151. Type. No. 158923, q?; Mentawi Archipelago: North Pagi Island, 10 January,

1935; J. J. Menden.

No specimen identified by a museum number was designated as the type by Professor Neumann in his description of this race„ but his statement that the type of this (and three other birds named at the

68 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

same time) is in the Museum of Comparative Zoology coupled with the fact that the bird is marked "typus" in Professor Neumann's hand establishes definitely its right to being the holotype. Furthermore, the sex of the type is given as male and of the five males and three females from North Pagi Island compared by Neumann the Museum of Comparative Zoology has only a pair.

In the original description the date of collection is given as 10 January, 1934. 1935, however, is correct; Menden collected on North Pagi between 8 December, 1934, and 31 January, 1935 with a brief trip to South Pagi near the end of January.

TROCHILIDAE

EUTOXERES AQUILA MUNDA GrisCOIll

Eutoxeres aquila munda Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 72, 9, 19 January,

1932, p. 330. Type. No. 155290, ad. d1; Panama: Obaldia, Caribbean slope of eastern

Darien; 2 November, 1929; H. Wedel.

Eutoxeres aquila viridior Griscom

Eutoxeres aquila viridior Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 72, 9, 19 January,

1932, p. 331. Type. No. 124578, ad.cf; Colombia: Naranjito, Rio Dagua, 22 June, 1908;

M. G. Palmer.

In the original description the type was given as "No. 124576". This is an error, the type marked by the describer as such is No. 124578. •No. 124576 was not in the collection at the time (it had been ex- changed) and is from another place — La Maria.

Phaeochroa cuvierii maculicauda Griscom

Phaeochroa cuvierii maculicauda Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 72, 9, 19

January, 1932, p. 332. Type. No. 122617, ad.cf; Costa Rica: Bolson, 10 December, 1907; C. F.

Underwood.

»

Lepidopyga caeruleogularis confinis Griscom

Lepidopyga caeruleogularis confinis Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 72, 9,

19 January, 1932, p. 333. Type. No. 155316, ad. cT; eastern Panama: Perme, Caribbean slope; 21

November, 1929; H. Wedel.

peters: supplementary list of types of birds 69

Amazilia violiceps conjuncta Griscom

Amazilia violiceps conjuncta Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 75, 1934,

p. 377. Type. No. 224112, ad. d"; southern Sonora: Alamos; 16 February, 1888;

M. Abbott Frazar.

f HYLOCHARIS GUIANENSIS Boucard

= Hylocharis sapphirina (Gmelin)

Hylocharis guianensis Boucard, Hummingbird, 1, 1891, p. 52.

Cotype. No. 199592, d1; British Guiana: Camacusa, 8 March, 1882; H.

Whitely. Trochilus sapphirinus Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, pt. 1, 1788, p. 496.

One of Boucard's cotypes of this supposed species has already been listed by Bangs in his "Types of Birds now in the Museum of Com- parative Zoology" (Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 70, 1930, p. 219). The specimen here claimed as another cotype was in a small set of Guianan birds retained by T. E. Penard at the time he disposed of his main collection. The remaining birds were secured from Mrs. Penard after her husband's death.

In addition to Whitely 's small, neat original label, the specimen bears Boucard's label with the words "typ specimen".

Thalurania colombica subtropicalis Griscom

Thalurania colombica subtropicalis Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 72, 9,

19 January, 1932, p. 337. Type. No. 104142, ad. <? ; Colombia: near Cali, Cauca Valley (5000 ft.);

June, 1898; J. H. Batty.

t Thalurania colombica insulicola Griscom = Thalurania colombica columbica (Bourcier)

Thalurania colombica insulicola Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 72, 9,

19 January, 1932, p. 335. Type. No. 106824, ad. cf; Colombia: San Miguel, Sierra Nevada de Santa

Marta, (wrongly taken to be San Miguel, El Rey Island, Pearl Islands,

Bay of Panama); 28 February, 1899; W. W. Brown. Ornismya colombica Bourcier, Rev. Zool., 1843, p. 2.

When he spread out a very long series of Thalurania colombica, with a review of the forms in mind, Griscom mistook "San Miguel" on the labels of four of Brown's skins from the Santa Marta mountains, as meaning San Miguel in the Pearl Islands, where Brown also collected,

70 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

several years later, and noting the short tails of these skins described the form as an insular race.

Thalurania colombica has never been recorded from the Pearl Islands.

It is possible that the name insulicola may have to be used for the bird of the Santa Marta mountains which has a shorter tail than is found in Bogota "Trade Skins". [O.B.]

Lamprolaima rhami saturatior Griscom

Lamprolaima rhami saturatior Griscom, Proc. New England Zool. Club, 13,

7 November, 1932, p. 58. Type. No. 161003, ad. d", Honduras: District of Achaga, Cerro Cantoral,

6500 ft.; 13 February, 1932; C. F. Underwood.

Anthoscenus constantii surdus van Rossem

Anthoscenus constantii surdus van Rossem, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 77, 7,

29 December, 1934, p. 439. Type. No. 224110, imm. 9 ; Sonora: Alamos; 16 February, 1888; M. Abbott

Frazar.

In the original description the sex is given as adult male; it is ob- viously an immature female, as is also indicated by the green tag placed on it by the collector (had it been a male a white tag would have been used); Brewster also wrote female on his collection label. No day of the month was given in the original description ; the collec- tion label shows it to have been the 13th, but 16th is put on the orig- inal green tag with a rubber date stamp, the impression is indistinct, but can readily be made out with a hand lens.

Lampornis amethystinus nobilis Griscom

Lampornis amethystinus nobilis Griscom, Proc. New England Zool. Club, 13,

7 November, 1932; p. 58. Type. No. 161004, ad. cf; Honduras: District of Achaga, Montana Vasquez,

6500 ft.; 16 December, 1931; C. F. Underwood.

Nesophlox evelynae salita Greenway now Philodice evelynae salita (Greenway)

Nesophlox evelynae salita Greenway, Proc. New England Zool. Club, 15,

28 October, 1936, p. 105. Type. No. 171756, ad. d1; South Caicos Island: Cockburn Harbor; 25 March,

1936; J. C. Greenway, Jr.

peters: supplementary list of types of birds 71

I do not see how it is possible to avoid sinking the generic name Nesophlox Ridgway 1910 in the synonymy of Philodice Mulsant, J. and E. Verreaux 1866. Ridgway apparently compared only with Calliphlox amethystina (Boddaert) the species that he referred to Nesophlox, but did not see Trochilus mitehelli Bourcier, which is the type of the genus Philodice. There seem to be no differences of generic value between mitehelli on the one hand, Doricka bryantae Lawrence and the Bahamian Woodstars on the other.

Atthis heloisa selasphoroides Griscom

Atthis heloisa selasphoroides Griscom, Proc. New England Zool. Club, 13,

7 November, 1932, p. 58. Type. No. 161005, ad. d"; Honduras: District of Achaga, Cerro Cantoral,

6500 feet; 16 February, 1932; C. F. Underwood.

Stellula calliope lowei Griscom

Stellula calliope lowei Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 75, 1934, p. 380 Type. No. 163518, ad.cf ; Guerrero: Taxco; 25 October, 1930; W. W. Brown.

f TlLMATURA DUPONTII XENOURA Griscom = TlLMATURA DUPONTII (LeSSOn)

Til »ial lira dupontii xenoura Griscom, Proc. New England Zool. Club, 13,

7 November, 1932, p. 58. Type. No. 161006, ad. cf ; Honduras: District of Achaga, Cerro Cantoral, 6500

feet; 24 February, 1932; C. F. Underwood. Ornismya dupontii Lesson, Hist. Nat. Colibis, Suppl. Hist. Nat. Ois. Mouches,

[1832], p. 100, pi. 1.

Berlioz (Ois. et Rev. Fran. d'Orn., 1938, p. 12-13) believes the char- acters upon which this form was founded to be too inconstant to per- mit its recognition.

TROGONIDAE

Pharomachrus pavoninus viridiceps Griscom and Greenway

Pharomachrus pavoninus viridiceps Griscom and Greenway, Bull. Mus. Comp.

Zool., 81, 2, May ( = 10 June), 1937, p.,426. Type. No. 47852, ad. d* ; Brazil: lower Amazon River; C. M. Caverly.

72 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Trogon mexicanus clarus Griscom

Trogon mexicanus clarus Griscom, Proc. New England Zool. Club, 13, 7

November, 1932, p. 57. Type. No. 224624, ad. 9 ; Mexico: Chihuahua, Pinos Altos; 4 June, 1888;

M. Abbott Frazar.

Trogon mexicanus lutescens Griscom

Trogon mexicanus lutescens Griscom, Proc. New England Zool. Club, 13, 7

November, 1932, p. 56. Type. No. 161002, ad. d"; Honduras: District of Achaga, Cerro Cantoral,

6500 ft.; 16 December, 1931; C. F. Underwood.

Trogon elegans australis Griscom

Trogon elegans australis Griscom, Proc. New England Zool. Club, 12, April,

1930, p. 3. Type. No.. 116576, ad. 9 ; northeast Costa Rica: Bagaces; 14 November, 1895;

C. F. Underwood.

CUCULIDAE

f Cuculus canorus maximus Neumann = Cuculus canorus johanseni Tschusi

Cuculus canorus maximus Neumann, Anz. Orn, Ges. Bayern, 2, 8, March,

1934, p. 332. Type. No. 166945, ad. cf ; Siberia: East Sajan Mts., Argul River, Maralnik,

22 May, 1929; bought of Professor Oscar Neumann. Cuculus canorus johanseni Tschusi, Orn. Jahrb., 21, 1903, p. 165 (Tomsk

Siberia) .

The two other specimens mentioned by Neumann in his description of maximus are also in the Museum of Comparative Zoology; while referred to as cotypes and also marked as "cotypus", they are not entitled to such rank since a holotype exists. Were ornithologists concerned with paratypes, they could be claimed as such.

The alleged greater size of this proposed subspecies is not sufficient to distinguish it from johanseni; a conclusion also reached by Hartert and Steinbacher (Vog. pal. Fauna, Erganzungsb., Heft 4, 1935, p. 378-379).

peters: supplementary list of types of birds 73

fPlAYA CAYANA INCINCTA GrisCOm

= PlAYA CAYANA THERMOPHILA Sclater

Piaya cayana incincta Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 72, 9, 19 January,

1932, p. 324. Type. No. 155252, ad. d1; eastern Panama: Perine, Caribbean slope of

Darien; 22 July, 1929; H. Wedel. Piaya thermophila P. L. Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1859, p. 368 (Jalapa,

Vera Cruz).

After examination of this race in connection with the 4th volume of my Check-List, I concluded that it was separated on characters too variable and inconstant, and consequently placed it in synonymy.

Geococcyx velox longisignum Moore

Geococcyx velox longisignum Moore, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., 7,

31 May, 1934, p. 464. Type. No. 161178, ad.cf; Honduras: Comayabuela; 1 October, 1931; C. F.

Underwood.

CAPITONIDAE

Capito maculicoronatus melas Griscom

Capito maculicoronatus melas Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 72, 9, 19

January, 1932, p. 340. Type. No. 155380, ad. d"; eastern Panama: Puerto Obaldia, Caribbean slope

of Darien, 8 August, 1930; H. Wedel.

RAMPHASTIDAE

Ramphastos tucanus oblitus Griscom and Greenway

Ramphastos tucanus oblitus Griscom and Greenway, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.,

81, 2, May ( = 10 June), 1937, p. 427. Type. No. 174070, ad.c?; Brazil: Rio Tapajoz; Tauary; 7 May, 1933; A. M.

Olalla.

Pteroglossus aracari vergens Griscom and Greenway

Pteroglossus aracari vergens Griscom and Greenway, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.,

81, 2, May ( = 10 June), 1937, p. 431. Type. No. 156885; ad.d*; Brazil: Sao Paulo, Valparaiso, 30 June, 1931;

J. Lima.

74 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Selenidera maculirostris hellmayri Griscom and Greenway

Selenidera maculirostris hellmayri Griscom and Greenway, Bull. Mus. Comp.

Zool., 81, 2, May ( = 10 June), 1937, p. 431. Type. No. 174105, ad. d1; Brazil: Rio Tapajoz, Boim; 12 January, 1933;

A. M. Olalla.

GALBULIDAE

Galbula leucogaster viridissima Griscom and Greenway

Galbula leucogaster viridissima Griscom and Greenway, Bull. Mus. Comp.

Zool., 81, 2, May ( = 10 June), 1937, p. 246. Type. No. 173977, ad.d*; Brazil: Rio Tapajoz, Pinhy; 8 May, 1933; Olalla

Brothers.

PICIDAE

COLAPTES CAFER NANUS GrisCOHl

Colaptes cafer nanus Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 75, 1934, p. 381. Type. No. 98788, ad.cT; San Luis Potosi: Ipina; 30 November, 1924; W. W. Brown.

Chrysoptilus punctigula pallidior Griscom and Greenway

Chrysoptilus punctigula pallidior Griscom and Greenway, Bull. Mus. Comp.

Zool., 81, 2, May ( = 10 June), 1937, p. 431. Type. No. 174228, ad. d"; Brazil: Lago Grande on the south bank of the

Amazon west of the Tapajoz; 6 September, 1932; A. M. Olalla.

Dryobates villosus terraenovae Batchelder

Dryobates villosus terraenovae Batchelder, Proc. New England Zool. Club, 4,

24 June, 1908, p. 37. Type. No. 187418, d1 ; Newfoundland: Placentia; 30 May, 1890; J. C. Cahoon.

Formerly no. 5227, collection of C. F. Batchelder.

f Dryobates pubescens oreoecus Batchelder = Dryobates pubescens leucurus (Hartlaub)

Dryobates pubescens oreoecus Batchelder, Auk, 6, 3, 1889, p. 253.

Type. No. 187517, d"; New Mexico: Las Vegas Hot Springs; 18 December, 1882; C. F. Batchelder.

Picas leucurus Hartlaub, Naumannia, 2, 1855, Heft 2, p. 55, (Rocky Moun- tains). Formerly no. 196, collection of C. F. Batchelder.

peters: supplementary list of types of birds 75

This form was recognized in the 2nd ed. of the A.O.U. Check-List, but was replaced by the earlier homorus in the 3d which in turn was supplanted by leucurus in the 4th.

Yungipicus scintilliceps kurodai La Touche how Dryobates semicoronatus nagamichii (La Touche)

Yungipicus scintilliceps kurodai La Touche, A Handbook of the Birds of Eastern China, 2, part 1, p. 22, May, 1931. Not Dryobates leucotos kurodae Gotz.

Type. No. 132947 ad. cT; China: Fohkien Province, December, 1912; La Touche Collection.

Yungipicus scintilliceps nagamichii La Touche, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, 43, 31 October, 1932, p. 22. New name to replace kurodai La Touche, pre- occupied.

Mesopicos griseocephalus persimilis Neumann

Mesopicos griseocephalus persimilis Neumann, Verh. Orn. Ges. Bayern, 20,

Heft 1, 1933, p. 227. Type. No. 165841, ad. cf; Benguella: Bailunduland, Chipepe; 22 June,

1928; Paul Koester.

Cerchneipicus tinnunculus angustus Griscom and Greenway

Cerchneipicus tinnunculus angustus Griscom and Greenway, Bull. Mus. Comp.

Zool., 81, 2, May ( = 10 June), 1937, p. 432. Type. No. 171161, ad. d" ; Brazil: Para, Caxiricatuba on the right bank of the

Tapajoz; 12 August, 1932; A. M. Olalla.

Ceophloeus lineatu.s obsoletus van Rossem

Ceophloeus lineatus obsoletus van Rossem, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., 8,

4, 10 August, 1934, p. 12. Type. No. 224294, ad.cf; Mexico: Sonora, Alamos; 16 March, 1888; M. A.

Frazar.

Ceophloeus lineatus nuperus Peters

Ceophloeus lineatus nuperus Peters, Occ. Papers Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 5,

1930, p. 320. Type. No. 105969, ad. cf; Colombia: Santa Marta Region, Conception; 13

February, 1899; W. W. Brown.

76 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

FORMICARIIDAE

Dysithamnus puncticeps intensus Griscom

Dysithamnus puncticeps intensus Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 72, 9,

19 January, 1932, p. 343. Type. No. 87219, ad. 9 ; eastern Panama: Mount Sapo, Pacific slope of Darien;

23 April, 1922; Barbour, Brooks and Underwood.

FURNARIIDAE

Ancistrops strigilatus cognitus Griscom and Greenway

Ancistrops strigilatus cognitus Griscom and Greenway, Bull. Mus. Comp.

Zool., 81, 2, May ( = 10 June), 1937, p. 433. Type. No. 174474, ad. d", Brazil: Para, Tauary on the right bank of the Rio

Tapajoz; 16 October, 1933; A. M. Olalla.

Philydor erythropterus diluvialis Griscom and Greenway

Philydor erythropterus diluvialis Griscom and Greenway, Bull. Mus. Comp.

Zool., 81, 2, May ( = 10 June), 1937, p. 433. Type. No. 174480, ad. d; Brazil: Paid, Caxiricatuba, right bank of the Rio

Tapajoz; 9 August, 1932; A. M. Olalla.

DENDROCOLAPTIDAE

Xiphorhynchus flavigaster ultimus Bangs and Griscom

Xiphorhynchus flavigaster ultimus Bangs and Griscom, Proc. New England Zool. Club, 13, 7 November, 1932, p. 48.

Type. No. 147875, ad. d ; Costa Rica: Nicoya, Ojo Ancha, 500 ft.; 2 Novem- ber, 1929; Austin Paul Smith.

Xiphorhynchus erythropygius parvus Griscom

Xiphorhynchus erythropygius parvus Griscom, Auk, 54, April, 1937, p. 196. Type. No. 158227, ad. a*; Honduras: Las Penitas; 17 February, 1933; C. F. Underwood.

Campylorhamphus trochilirostris brevipennis Griscom

Campylorhamphus trochilirostris brevipennis Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.,

72, 9, 19 January, 1932, p. 348. Type. No. 107335, ad.d1; Panama: Lion Hill, Canal Zone; 7 March, 1900;

W. W. Brown.

peters: supplementary list of types of birds 77

Nasica longirostris australis Griscom and Greenway

Nasica longirostris australis Griscom and Greenway, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.,

81, 2, May ( = 10 June), 1937, p. 432. Type. No. 104401, ad. d* ; Brazil: Santarem; 2 October, 1882; Addison Brown.

TYRANNIDAE

Tyrannus vociferans xenopterum Griscom

Tyrannus vociferans xenopterum Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 76, 1934,

p. 391. Type. No. 163725, ad.cf; Guerrero: Chilpancingo; 29 June, 1931; W. W.

Brown.

Pitangus sulphuratus palliatus van Rossem

Pitangus sulfuratus (sic) palliatus van Rossem, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 50,

23 February, 1937, p. 25. Type. No. 223617, ad. <? ; Mexico: Sonora, Alamos; 8 March, 1888; M. A.

Frazar.

In the original description the number of the type was given as 222617, through a typographical error. Why Mr. van Rossem spelled the specific name of this bird as he did, and not sulphuratus as orig- inally and universally spelled is unexplainable.

Empidonax fulvifrons inexpectatus Griscom

Empidonax fulvifrons inexpectatus Griscom, Proc. New England Zool. Club,

13, 7 November, 1932, p. 60. Type. No. 161007, ad. cf; Honduras: District of Achaga, Cerro Cantoral,

6500 ft.; 9 December, 1931; C. F. Underwood.

Rhynchocyclus brevirostris hellmayri Griscom

Rhynchocyclus brevirostris hellmayri Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 72,

9, 19 January, 1932, p. 352. Type. No. 140732, ad. <?; Panama: Cana, Pacific slope* of Darien; 6 August,

1928; R. R. Benson.

Todirostrum latirostre senectum Griscom and Greenway

Todirostrum latirostre senectum Griscom and Greenway, Bull. Mus. Comp.

Zool., 81, 2, May ( = 10 June), 1937, p. 434. Type. No. 175819, ad. 9 ; Brazil: Boca de Igarape-Piaba, near Obidos; 6

March, 1933; A. M. Olalla.

78 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Camptostoma pusillum major Griscom

Camptostoma pusillum major Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 72, 9, 19

January, 1932, p. 353. Type. No. 104878, ad.cT; Pearl Islands: San Miguel, El Rey Island; 4 May,

1900; W. W. Brown.

PIPRIDAE

Chloropipo holochlora suffusa Griscom

Chloropipo holochlora suffusa Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 72, 9, 19

January, 1932, p. 354. Type. No. 155715, ad. <?; eastern Panama: Obaldia, Caribbean slope; 31

July, 1930; H. Wedel.

COTINGIDAE

Pachyrhamphus cinnamomeus fulvidior Griscom

Pachyrhamphus cinnamomeus fulvidior Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 72,

9, 19 January, 1932, p. 357. Type. No. 119889, ad. 9 ; British Honduras: Toledo District; 22 October,

1906; Morton E. Peck.

Xipholena lamellipennis pallidior Griscom and Greenway

Xipholena lamellipennis pallidior Griscom and Greenway, Bull. Mus. Comp.

Zool., 81, 2, May ( = 10 June), 1937, p. 433. Type. No. 175166, breeding 9 ; Brazil: Rio Tapajoz, Santarem; 15 July,

1932; A. M. Olalla.

HIRUNDINIDAE

Psalidoprocne kosteri Neumann

Psalidoprocne kosteri Neumann, Verh. Orn. Ges. Bayern, 20, Heft 1, 1933,

p. 227. Type. No. 165882, 9 ; Benguella: Bailunduland, Chipepe; 17 June, 1928;

Paul Koester.

The type and two other specimens from the same locality are obvi- ously immature birds, lacking any trace of the characteristic "roughen- ing" of the edge of the outer primary.

peters: supplementary list of types of birds 79

MUSCICAPIDAE

Dioptrornis brunneus bailunduensis Neumann

Dioptrornis brunneus bailunduensis Neumann, Orn. Monatsb., 37, 6, Novem- ber, 1929, p. 177.

Type. No. 165885; 9, Benguella: Bailunduland, Chipepe, 1 June, 1928; Paul Koester.

f Muscicapa luteocephala Lafresnaye = Neopelma aurifrons (Wied)

Muscicapa luteocephala Lafresnaye, Mag. Zool., 3, 1833, el. 2, pi. 13. Type. No. 84376; Lafresnaye Collection no. 4666; Brazil. Muscicapa aurifrons Wied, Beitr. Naturg. Bras., 3, 1831, p. 829.

This specimen was identified many years ago by Outram Bangs as the type; he omitted it from his "List of Types in the Museum of Comparative Zoology" probably because Hellmayr (Cat. Bds. Am. pt. 6, 1929, p. 87) gave the location of the type as being in the Paris Museum.

There are several bits of evidence in the original description how- ever, that point conclusively to the right of the Museum of Compara- tive Zoology specimen to rank as the type. In the first place, La- fresnaye gives no intimation that he had more than a single specimen at hand; second from a statement in the preface to the article in which he described this and three other species it seems clear that the studies were based on specimens in his own collection "Cette remarque m'ayant fait examiner plus attentivement les pieds des differentes especes de l'ordre des Passereaux que je possede dans ma collection." Third, the colored plate accompanying the original description ap- pears to have been drawn from the bird here claimed as the type; this specimen has not been relaxed, and is still in the form of a mount except that it has been removed from its stand and the legs straight- ened. The attitude of skin and plate agree exactly.

In describing Muscicapa luteocephala Lafresnaye gave it the same name as a bird described two years before by Lesson (Traite d'Orn, livr. 5, 1830 or 1831, p. 392), in fact tentatively assigned it to that species. Lesson's M. luteocephala, however, turns out to be a Hetero- cercus.

80 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Muscicapula sapphirina laotiana Delacour and Greenway

Muscicapula sapphirina laotiana Delacour and Greenway, Bull. Brit. Orn.

Club, 59, 17 June, 1939, p. 132. Type. No. 265099, imm. d"; Laos: Col de Taloun, 25 km. east of Luang

Prabang; 27 January, 1939; J. Delacour, J. C. Greenway, Jr. and F.

Edmond-Blanc. Field no. 1945, VII Exped. en Indo-Chine.

Hypothymis azurea compilator Peters

Hypothymis azurea compilator Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 86, 2, 27

November, 1939, p. 11. Type. No. 194555, d>; Philippine Islands: Basilan, 15 km. northeast of

Maluso; 23 April, 1937; Barbara Lawrence.

Rhipidura teijsmanni sulaensis Neumann

Rhipidura teijsmanni sulaensis Neumann, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, 59, 21 April,

1939, p. 93. Type. No. 269600, ad.cT; Sula Islands: Taliabu, 11 October, 1938; J. J.

Menden.

Myiagra azureicapilla azureicapilla Layard

Myiagra azureicapilla Layard, Ibis, 1875, p. 434.

Cotype. No. 166780, ad.cT; Fiji Islands: Taviuni, Ngila; 18 August, 1875;

E. L. Layard. Cotype. No. 166781, ad. 9 ; Fiji Islands: Taviuni, Ngila; 11 August, 1875;

E. L. Layard.

This species was described by Layard who neither designated a type, nor stated the number of specimens that he had. The 4th volume of the Catalogue of Birds in the British Museum lists a male and female from Ngila, Taviuni, but does not claim either specimen as a type. A pair also went to Rowley who figured them in his "Orni- thological Miscellany," 1, pi. 35. The two specimens which I claim as cotypes are the two figured birds, bought at the Rowley auction in November, 1934 by Rosenberg, the London dealer, and from whom the museum obtained them.

Mathews makes this species the type of his monotypic genus Lophomyiagra, a genus that may have to be recognized eventually, but pending a general review of the Muscicapidae I make no change.

peters: supplementary list of types of birds 81

CAMPEPHAGIDAE

Edolisoma morio talautense Meyer and Wiglesworth

Edoliisoma talautense Meyer and Wiglesworth, Abh. Ber. K. Zool. Mus. Dresden, 1894-95 (1895), no. 9, p. 5.

Cotype. No. 97336, ad.cf; Talaut Islands: Esang; 20 October, 1894; Charles W. Cursham's collectors. Received in exchange with the Dresden Mu- seum. (No. C 13800).

Meyer and Wiglesworth described this form from fifteen specimens from the islands of Karkellang, Esang and Kabruang in the Talaut group; no holotype was designated. In their Birds of Celebes (2, 1898, p. 423) they list "ad. 9 , type, Karkellang, Nov. 1894: Nat. Coll. — C 13795 and others" and "ad.cf, type, Kabruang, Nov. 1893 — -C 13121, and others." As in the case of Tanygnathus talautensis, Meyer and Wiglesworth's action in the Birds of Celebes amounts to a subsequent selection of a male and female cotype, but I cannot see how it invalidates the right of any of the other original specimens to rank as cotypes.

Pericrocotus miniatus dammermani Neumann

Pericrocotus miniatus dammermani Neumann, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, 57, 30

June, 1937, p. 152. Type. No. 177810, 9 ; South Sumatra: Gunong Dempo, 2500 metres; 20

July, 1936; J. J. Menden.

No specimen identified by a museum number was designated in Professor Neumann's original description as the type; but his state- ment in the introduction to the description of this and three other subspecies of birds that the types are in the Museum of Comparative Zoology, coupled with the fact that the specimen is marked "typus" in its describer's handwTiting and that the data correspond, definitely establishes its right to be the holotype.

TIMALIIDAE Garrulax moniliger schauenseei Delacour and Greenway

Garrulax moniliger schauenseei Delacour and Greenway, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club,

59, 17 June, 1939, p. 132. Type. No. 265100, d"; Laos: Xieng-Khouang, 1200 metres; 6 November

(in original description), 6 December (on label), 1938; J. Delacour, J. C.

Greenway, Jr., F. Edmond-Blanc. Field no. 76, VII Exped. en Indo-

Chine.

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Rhinocichla mitrata griswoldi Peters

Rhinocichla mitrata griswoldi Peters, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 87, 3, December, 1940, p. 204.

Type. No. 236020, ad., not sexed; Borneo: Mt. Tibang, 4000 feet; 19 Novem- ber, 1925; Eric Mjoberg.

This specimen while not sexed is doubtless a male since it has a wing measurement of 109 mm., about the maximum for that sex. Wings of females run from 95.5 to 104.5.

Neocichla gutturalis angustus Friedmann

Neocichla gutturalis angustus Friedmann, Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci., 20, 17,

1930, p. 434. Type. No. 134447, ad. 9 ; Tanganyika Territory: Muhalala, Kilamatindi;

3 March, 1922; Arthur Loveridge.

Turdinus rufipennis distans Friedmann now Illadopsis rufipennis distans (Friedmann)

Turdinus rufipennis distans Friedmann, Proc. New England Zool. Club, 10,

14 April, 1928, p. 48. Type. No. 237750, cT1; Tanganyika Territory: Amani, Usambara Mts.; 22

November, 1926; A. Loveridge.

The type was in the Museum of Comparative Zoology at the time that Outram Bangs published the list of types, but was accidentally omitted from his list.

This form is very distinct from the typical race; Friedmann dis- cussed the differences between distans and allied forms with fairly good material available and his conclusions as to its relationship may be accepted.

Illadopsis stictigula pressa Bangs and Loveridge

Illadopsis stictigula pressa Bangs and Loveridge, Proc. New England Zool.

Club, 12, 1931, p. 94. Type. No. 148499, ad. 9 ; Tanganyika Territory: Nkuka Forest, Rungwe

Mountains; 5 April, 1930; Arthur Loveridge.

Napothera epilepidota mendeni Neumann

Napothera epilepidota mendeni Neumann, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, 57, 30 June,

1937, p. 152. Type. No. 177863, 9 ; South Sumatra: Gunong Dempo, 1800 metres; 21 July,

1936; J. J. Menden.

peters: supplementary list of types of birds 83

No specimen identified by a museum number was designated as the type in Professor Neumann's original description, but his statement in the introduction to the paper in which this and three other sub- species of birds were named that the types are in the Museum of Comparative Zoology coupled with the fact that this was the only specimen of this form received and that the label is marked in Neu- mann's own hand "Typus von Napothera cpilepidoia mendeni Neum.", definitely establish this specimen as the holotype.

Alcippe ruficapilla danisi Delacour and Greenway

Alcippe (Fulretta) ruficapilla da nisi Delacour and Greenway, Proc. New

England Zool. Club, 18, 3 May, 1941, p. 47. Type. No. 268092, ad. cf; Laos: Xieng-Khouang; 15 December, 1938: J.

Delacour and J. C. Greenway, Jr.

Stachyris striolata helenae Delacour and Greenway

Stachyris -striolata helenae Delacour and Greenway, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, 59, 17 July, 1934, p. 130.

Type. No. 265102, <?; western Laos: Nam-Khueng, 20 km. west of Ban- Houesai, Mekong River; 17 January, 1939; J. Delacour, J. C. Greenway, Jr. and F. Edmond-Blanc; Orig. no. 1724, VII Exped. en Indo-Chine.

Cyanoderma melanothorax mendeni Neumann now Stachyris melanothorax mendeni (Neumann)

Cyanoderma melanothorax mendeni Neumann, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, 55, 30

April, 1935, p. 136. Type. No. 170622, cf; Java: east of Cheribon, Indromajoe; 17 December,

1929; J. J. Menden.

Bought of Professor Oscar Neumann.

Brachypteryx leucophrys langbianensis Delacour and Greenway

Brachypteryx leucophrys langbianensis Delacour and Greenway, Bull. Brit.

Orn. Club, 59, 17 June, 1939, p. 131. Type. No. 265096, ad. cf; Annam: Pic de Langbian, near Dalat; 13 March,

1939; J. Delacour and J. C. Greenway, Jr.; Field no. 2560, VII Exped. en

Indo-Chine.

84 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

fMESiA argentauris galbana Mayr and Greenway = Mesia argentauris vernayi Mayr and Greenway

Mesia argentauris galbana Mayr and Greenway, Proc. New England Zool.

Club, 17, 24 March, 1938, p. 3. Type. No. 179993, cf; Siam: Mt. Angka, 5700 feet; J. A. Griswold, Jr. Mesia argentauris vernayi Mayr and Greenway, Proc. New England Zool. Club,

17, 24 March, 1938, p. 3.

M. a. vernayi has line anteriority on the same page over galbana. Mr. Greenway tells me that more material proves that color and size differences which were supposed to have differentiated the popula- tions of northern Siam and northern Burma fall within the range of individual variation.

TROGLODYTIDAE

Thryophilus leucopogon grisescens Griscom

Thryophilus leucopogon grisescens Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 72, 9,

19 January, 1932, p. 359. Type. No. 155820, ad. cf; eastern Panama: Pernio, Caribbean slope; 19

March, 1929; H. Wedel.

Thryophilus nigricapillus reditus Griscom

Thryophilus nigricapillus reditus Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 72, 9,

19 January, 1932, p. 358. Type. No. 155797, ad. cf; eastern Panama: Perme, Caribbean slope, 31

August, 1929; H. Wedel.

Pheugopedius maculipectus microstictus Griscom

Pheugopedius maculipectus microstictus Griscom, Proc. New. England Zool.

Club, 12, April, 1930, p. 5. Type. No. 48696, ad.d"; Tamaulipas: Santa Leonor; 9 March, 1909; F. B.

Armstrong.

Pheugopedius maculipectus petersi Griscom

Pheugopedius maculipectus petersi Griscom, Proc. New England Zool. Club,

12, April, 1930, p. 7. Type. No. 136857, ad. cf ; eastern Honduras: Lancetilla, 18 February, 1928;

J. L. Peters.

peters: supplementary list of types of birds 85

Troglodytes brunneicollis compositus Griscom

Troglodytes brunneicollis compositus Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 76, 1934, p. 395.

Type. No. 48657, ad. d"; Tamaulipas: Galindo; 25 March, 1909; F. B. Arm- strong.

In his original description Griscom gave the catalogue number of this type as 49657; the actual number is the one given above.

Henicorhina leucophrys composita Griscom

Henicorhina leucophrys composita Griscom, Proc. New England Zool. Club,

13, 7 November, 1932, p. 61. Type. No. 161009, ad. cf; Honduras: District of Achaga, Cerro Cantoral,

6500 feet; 13 December, 1931; C. F. Underwood.

MIMIDAE

Mimus gilvus clarus van Rossem

Mimus gilvus clarus van Rossem, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 77, 7, 29 December, 1934, p. 401. New name for Mimus gilvus gracilis of Authors, not Cabanis.

Type. No. 60596, ad.cT; Quintana Roo: Camp Mengel; 19 March, 1912; J. L. Peters.

TURDIDAE

Turdus simensis kosteri Neumann

Turdus simensis kosteri Neumann, Orn. Monatsb., 37, 6, November, 1929,

p. 177. Type. No. 165937, ad. cf ; Benguella: Bailunduland, Cassongue; 6 July, 1928;

Paul Koester.

Neumann gives Chipepe as the place of capture, but on the collector's original label is written "Cassongue".

Merula migratoria achrustera Batchelder now Turdus migratorius achrusterus (Batchelder)

Merula migratoria achrustera Batchelder, Proc. New England Zool. Club, 1,

6 March, 1900, p. 104. Type. No. 188205, cf; North Carolina: Raleigh; 8 June, 1894; H. H. and

C. S. Brimley.

Formerly no. 6433, collection of Charles F. Batchelder.

86 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

TURDUS MIGRATORIUS PERMIXTUS GrisCOm

Tardus migratorius permixtus Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 75, 1934,

p. 396. Type. No. 163992, ad.c?; Guerrero: Chilpancingo, 8000 feet; 25 March, 1932;

W. W. Brown.

Zoothera monticola atrata Delacour and Greenway

Zoothera monticola atrata Delacour and Greenway, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, 59,

17 June, 1939, p. 131. Type. No. 265095, ad. 9 ; Tonkin: Chapa, 5000 feet; 29 January, 1939;

B. Bjorkegren.

Bessonornis albigularis porotoensis Bangs and Loveridge

Bessonornis albigularis porotoensis Bangs and Loveridge, Proc. New England

Zool. Club, 12, 1931, p: 94. Type. No. 148659, ad. 9 ', Tanganyika Territory: Igale, Poroto Mountains;

28 April, 1930; Arthur Loveridge.

Sheppardia cyornithopsis bangsi Friedmann

Sheppardia cyornithopsis bangsi Friedmann, Occ. Papers Boston Soc. Nat.

Hist., 5, p. 323, 1930. Type. No. 134507, ad. cf; Tanganyika Territory: Uluguru Mountains; 23

May, 1921 ; Arthur Loveridge.

Cossypha heuglini euronota Friedmann

CossypJui heuglini euronota Friedmann, Occ. Papers Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 5,

1930, p. 327. Type. No. 134467, ad. 9 ; Mozambique: Lumbo; 17 July, 1918; Arthur

Loveridge.

Catharus melpomene bathoica Bangs and Griscom

Catharus melpomene bathoica Bangs and Griscom, Proc. New England Zool.

Club, 13, 7 November, 1932, p. 51. Type. No. 147848, d71; Costa Rica: Nicoya Peninsula, Ojo Ancho, 500 feet;

7 November, 1929; Austin Paul Smith.

peters: supplementary list of types of birds 87

SYLVIIDAE

Cisticola robusta omo Neumann and Lynes

Cisticola robusta omo Neumann and Lynes, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, 48, 16 July,

1928, p. 136. Type. No. 160986, ad.d"; Ethiopia: Jimma, Dobbi; 29 May, 1925; Professor

Neumann and Dr. Heck.

On p. 654 of his Review of the Genus Cisticola, Admiral Lynes lists the type of this form as coming from "Kankati, Jimma Terr., southern Ethiopia".

Cisticola emini bailunduensis Neumann

Cisticola emini bailunduensis Neumann, Journ. f. Orn., 1931, p. 551. Type. No. 166194, ad. 9 ; Benguella: Bailunduland, Chipepe; 18 June, 1928; Paul Koester.

This is one of the specimens referred to by Lynes in the Ibis, 1930, Cisticola supplement, p. 314 as "e. Cisticola emini of Angola". On the bank of Professor Neumann's label Lynes has written: "compared with types of emini and conformed, 21 August, 1922. The only known specimen of its kind from Angola, and I will bet it came from one of those granitic kopje masses which are plentiful in the Bailundo- Huambo-Lepe country."

f Acrocephalus dumetorum gabrielae Neumann = Hippolais pallida pallida (Hemprich and Ehrenberg)

Acrocephalus dumetorum gabrielae Neumann, Verh. Orn. Ges. Bayern, 2,

Heft 2/3, 1934, p. 469. Type. No. 166963, ad.o"; Asia Minor: Elmali, westerly of Adalia; 20 May,

1933; Gabriele Neuhauser. Curruca pallida Hemprich and Ehrenberg, Symb. Phys., 1833, sig. bb.

Very shortly after describing this form Professor Neumann wrote me, "I committed the most terrible blunder of my whole ornithological life when I described Acrocephalus dumetorum gabrielae which is merely Hippolais pallida, or perhaps a slightly darker race of it."

Phylloscopus reguloides ticehursti Delacour and Greenway

Phylloscopus reguloides ticehursti Delacour and Greenway, Bull. Mus. Comp.

Zool., 59, 21 July, 1939, p. 151. Type. No. 265098, ad. d" ; Annam: Langbian Peaks, 6000 feet; 4 March, 1939;

J. C. Greenway, orig. no. 2355.

S8 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Apalis thoracica interjectiva Bangs and Loveridge

Apalis thoracica interjectiva Bangs and Loveridge, Proc. New England Zool. Club, 12, 1931, p. 95.

Type. No. 148702, ad. d1 ; Tanganyika Territory: Kigogo, Uzungwe Moun- tains; 20 January, 1930; Arthur Loveridge.

Apalis eidos Peters and Loveridge

Apalis eidos Peters and Loveridge, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 89, 5, 24 February,

1942, p. 252. Type. No. 270942, ad. cf, Belgian Congo: Lake Kivu, Idjwi Island; 28

February 1939; A. Loveridge.

Polioptila caerulea deppei van Rossem

Polioptila caerulea deppei van Rossem, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 77, 7, 29 December, 1934, p. 402. New name for Polioptila caerulea mexicana of Authors, not of Bonaparte.

Type. No. 113712, ad.d"; Yucatan: Rio Lagartos; 13 April, 1893; W. W. Brown.

Prinia hodgsonii confusa Deignan

Prinia hodgsonii confusa Deignan, Smiths. Misc. Coll., 103, 1 September, 1942,

3, p. 6. Type. No. 129216, ad. cf; Yunnan: Mengtse; 5 December, 1920; J. D. La

Touche.

VIREONIDAE

Vireo hypochryseus nitidus van Rossem

Vireo hypochryseus nitudus van Rossem, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 77, 7,

29 December, 1934, p. 465. Type. No. 221901, ad. a"; Sonora: Hacienda de San Rafael; 2 May, 1888;

M. Abbott Frazar.

As has been shown by van Rossem, the Hacienda de San Rafael, while formerly in the State of Chihuahua, is now in the State of Sonora owing to relocation of boundary lines.

Vireo solitarius pinicolus van Rossem

Vireo solitarius pinicolus van Rossem, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 77, 7, 29

December, 1934, p. 467. Type. No. 115724, ad. d" ; Chihuahua: Mound Valley; 2 September, 1905;

W. W. Brown.

peters: supplementary list of types of birds 89

BOMBYCILLIDAE

Ptilogonys cinereus pallescens Griscom

Ptilogonys cinereus pallescens Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 75, 1934,

p. 398. Type. No. 164037, ad. c?; Guerrero: Chilpaneingo, 8000 feet; 25 November,

1931 ; W. W. Brown.

LANIIDAE

Lanius schach sumatrae Neumann

hanius schach sumatrae Neumann, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, 57, 30 June, 1937,

p. 153. Type. No. 178142, ad. a"; South Sumatra: Gunong Dempu, 1800 metres; 28

July, 1936; J. J. Menden.

The type is in much worn plumage.

Xo specimen identified by number was designated as the type in Professor Neumann's original description, but his statement in the introduction to the paper in which he named this and three other sub- species of birds, that the types are in the Museum of Comparative Zoology, coupled with the facts that the data for the type correspond with those on the label of this specimen, and that Professor Neumann has written "Typus von Lanius schach sumatrae Neum." on the label obviously establish this specimen as the holotype.

Chlorophoneus abbotti sandgroundi Bangs

Chlorophoneus abbotti sandgroundi Bangs, Proc. New England Zool. Club,

12, August, 1931, p. 70. Type. No. 154820, acLd1; southern Rhodesia: Mount Silinda; 7 May, 1930;

J. H. Sandground.

SITTIDAE

Sitta solangiae fortior Delacour and Greenway

Sitta solangiae fortior Delacour and Greenway, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, 59, 17

June, 1939, p. 133. Type. No. 267097, ad. d"; Annam: Pic de Langbian, near Dalat; 14 March,

1939; J. Delacour, J. C. Greenway, Jr. and F. Edmond-Blanc. Field

no. 2602, VII Exped. en Indo-Chine.

90 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

CERTHIDAE

f Climacteris placens stevensi Greenway = Climacteris placens meridionalis Hartert

Climacteris placens stevensi Greenway, Proc. New England Zool. Club, 14,

25 January, 1934, p. 2. Type. No. 167003, ad.c?; Mandated Territory of New Guinea: Mt. Misim,

6800 feet; 20 January, 1933; Herbert Stevens. Climacteris placens meridionalis Hartert, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, 21, 1907, p. 27.

This race is now placed in synonymy by Mayr in his recent "List of New Guinea Birds".

ZOSTEROPIDAE Zosterops silvanus Peters and Loveridge

Zosterops silvanus Peters and Loveridge, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 48, 3 May,

1935, p. 77. Type. No. 168994, ad.cf ; Kenya Colony: Taita, Mt. Mbololo, 4800 feet; 21

April, 1934; Arthur Loveridge.

The specific name of this bird is a latin masculine substantive signify- ing a woodland deity; there is no reason, therefore, to alter the termin- ation to a feminine one to agree with the gender of the generic name although it is confidently expected that someone will make this blunder.

Zosterops virens sarmenticia Bangs and Loveridge

Zosterops virens sarmenticia Bangs and Loveridge, Proc. New England Zool.

Club, 12, 1931, p. 95. Type. No. 148834, ad. d", Tanganyika Territory: Igale, Poroto Mountains;

25 April, 1930; Arthur Loveridge.

Zosterops minor tenuifrons Greenway

Zosterops minor tenuifrons Greenway, Proc. New England Zool. Club, 14,

25 January, 1934, p. 3. Type. No. 167005, ad. cT; Mandated Territory of New Guinea: Morobe

district, Wau, 3700 feet; 24 March, 1932; Herbert Stevens.

peters: supplementary list of types of birds 91

NECTARINIIDAE

Aethopyga gouldiae harrietae Delacour and Greenway

Aethopyga gouldiae harrietae Delacour and Greenway, Ois. Rev. Frang. d'Orn.,

10, 1940, p. 68. Type. No. 269194, d1', Laos: Phu-Kobo, near Xieng-Khouang ; 12 December,

1938; J. Delacour, J. C. Greenway, Jr., F. Edmond-Blanc. Field no. 323,

VII Exped. en Indo Chine.

Aethopyga ezrai blanci Delacour and Greenway

Aethopyga ezrai blanci Delacour and Greenway, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, 59, 17 June, 1939, p. 133.

Type. No. 265101, o" ; Laos: Phu-Kobo, 2000 metres, near Xieng-Khouang; 9 December, 1938; J. Delacour, J. C. Greenway, Jr. and F. Edmond- Blanc. Field no. 191, VII Exped. en Indo Chine.

Anthreptes orientalis barbouri Friedmann

Anthreptes orientalis barbouri Friedmann, Occ. Papers Boston Soc. Nat. Hist.,

5, 1931, p. 383. Type. No. 134345, ad. 9 ; Tanganyika Territory: Dodoma; 7 December, 1918;

A. Loveridge.

MELIPHAGIDAE Meliphaga gracilis stevensi Rand

Meliphaga gracilis stevensi Rand, Am. Mus. Novit., no. 872, July, 1936, p. 20. Type. No. 168055, cT; New Guinea: Morobe district, Biolowat, 2250 feet; 27 May, 1932; H. Stevens.

COMPSOTHLYPIDAE Dendroica aestiva amnicola Batchelder

Dendroica aestiva amnicola Batchelder, Proc. New England Zool. Club, 6,

6 February, 1918, p. 82. Type. No. 188206, d1; Newfoundland! Custlett; 14 June, 1890; John C.

Cahoon.

Formerly no. 5360 Collection of Charles F. Batchelder.

92 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Dendroica petechia armouri Greenway

Dendroica petechia armouri Greenway, Proc. New England Zool. Club, 13,

26 April, 1933, p. 63. Type. No. 157790, cT; Old Providence Island; 13 March, 1933; James C.

Greenway, Jr.

Dendroica plumbea guadeloupensis Brodkorb

Dendroica plumbea guadeloupensis Brodkorb, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington,

44, 1931, p. 3. Type. No. 66508, ad. 9 ; Lesser Antilles: Guadeloupe, Saint Claude; 26 June,

1914; G. K. Noble.

Chamaethlypis poliocephala ridgwayi Griscom

Chamaethlypis poliocephala ridgwayi Griscom, Proc. New England Zool. Club,

12, April, 1930, p. 7. Type. No. 118269, ad. d"; southwestern Costa Rica: Boruca; 10 June, 1906;

C. F. Underwood.

Seiurus aurocapillus furvior Batchelder

Seiurus aurocapillus furvior Batchelder, Proc. New England Zool. Club, 6,

6 February, 1918, p. 81. Type. No. 188207, d"; Newfoundland: near Deer Pond; 21 June, 1894;

A. E. Colburn.

Formerly no. 6750 Collection of Charles F. Batchelder.

Granatellus sallaei griscomi van Rossem

Granatellus sallaei griscomi van Rossem, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 77, 7, 29

December, 1934, p. 403. Type. No. 28916, d\ presumably ad.; Guatemala: Coban, by designation.

No original label.

The type is one from a collection of about 125 mounted birds from all parts of the world bought of H. A. Ward by Alexander Agassiz in the summer and fall of 1880 and by him presented to the Museum. Many of these specimens are still on exhibition in the synoptic gallery, but during the years that the late Outram Bangs was Curator of Birds, the rarer and more desirable species were withdrawn from exhibition, taken down and placed in the skin collection. The date when the specimen under discussion was added to the study collection is not known.

peters: supplementary list of types of birds 93

MOTACILLIDAE

Motacilla capensis simplicissima Neumann

Motacilla capensis simplicissima Neumann, Orn. Monatsb., 37, 6, November,

1929, p. 176. Type. No. 165971, ad. o"; Benguella: Bailunduland, Chipepe; 25 June, 1928;

Paul Koester.

Anthus australis exiguus Greenway

Anthus australis exiguus Greenway, Proc. New England Zool. Club, 14,

1 February, 1935, p. 53. Type. No. 168358, ad. d1; northeastern New Guinea: Morobe district, Wau,

3500 feet; 22 April, 1932; Herbert Stevens.

ALAUDIDAE

Mirafra javanica aliena Greenway

Mirafra javanica aliena Greenway, Proc. New England Zool. Club, 14, 1

February, 1935, p. 50. Type. No. 168361, ad. $ ; northeastern New Guinea: Morobe district, Biolo-

wat Camp, 2250 feet; 23 June, 1932; Herbert Stevens.

Eremophila alpestris aharonii Neumann

Eremophilii nlj>estris aharonii Neumann, Anz. Orn. Ges. Bayern, 2, 8 March,

1934, p. 333. Type. No. 160990, ad.d"; Syria: Ras Baalbek; 17 April, 1931; T. Aharoni.

FRINGILLIDAE

Pipilo fuscus texanus van Rossem

Pipilo fuscus texanus van Rossem, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., 7, 34,

31 May, 1934, p. 371. Type. No. 316022, (formerly 16025, Thayer Collection), ad.d"; Texas:

Kerrville; 24 April, 1910; F. B. Armstrong.

Colonel Thayer made a slight error in cataloguing six specimens of Pipilo fuscus all collected by Armstrong at Kerrville, Texas. Two of the Thayer birds bore his number 16025. The only specimen, however, which agrees with the date and sex of the type is listed in the catalogue under 16022, but none of the skins catalogued from 16020 and 16025

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inclusive bear this number on their labels. The seventh specimen of the series was taken in Kerr County, Texas, 8 April, 1914, also by Arm- strong.

Pipilo fuscus perpallidus van Rossem

Pipilo fuscus perpallidus van Rossem, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 77, 7, 29

December, 1934, p. 483. Type. No. 222952; Chihuahua: Chihuahua; 30 November, 1888; M. Abbott

Frazar.

Pipilo maculatus griseipygius van Rossem

Pipilo maculatus griseipygius van Rossem, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 77, 7,

29 December, 1934, p. 482. Type. No. 222899, ad. cf; Chihuahua: Jesus Maria; undated, but probably

the autumn of 1884; R. R. McLeod.

Pipilo maculatus consobrinus Ridgway

Pipilo maculatus consobrinus Ridgway, Bull. Geol. and Geogr. Surv. Terr., 2,

2, April, 1876, p. 189. Cotijpe. No. 328590, ad. & ; Lower California: Guadelupe Island; 20 February,

1875; Dr. Edward Palmer.

This specimen is one of the original series taken by Dr. Edward Palmer on which Ridgway based his description. Following the usual custom in such cases, I consider that all specimens of the type series should rank as cotypes. This bird was exchanged by the United States National Museum to Col. John E. Thayer several years ago; Col. Thayer had it mounted and placed on exhibition in his beautiful little private museum. Together with other mounted birds, this speci- men came to the Museum of Comparative Zoology after Col. Thayer's death. It has been relaxed and is once more in the form of a skin.

Passerina leclancheri grandior Griscom

Passerina leclancheri grandior Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 75, 1934,

p. 420. Type. No. 238393, ad.d" ; Oaxaca: Chivela; 19 March, 1927; W. W. Brown.

Melozone rubricatum grisior van Rossem

Melozone rubricatum grisior van Rossem, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., 7,

23, 31 March, 1933, p. 283. Type. No. 222695, ad. a*; Sonora: Hacienda de San Rafael; 11 May, 1888;

M. Abbott Frazar.

peters: supplementary list of types of birds 95

At the time that Frazar collected at Hacienda de San Rafael, it was located in extreme western Chihuahua. Since then the Sonora- Chihuahua boundary has been relocated and it appears that the Hacienda now lies within the borders of the State of Sonora as mapped today. The relocation of political boundaries, reapportionment of countries among the great powers and the renaming of territories, while of absolutely no zoographical significance, bring about much confusion in correctly locating type localities of fifty years ago by present day maps.

Amphispiza bilineata confinis van Rossem

Amphispiza bilineata confinis van Rossem, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 77, 7,

29 December, 1934. Type. No. 222576, ad.cT; Chihuahua: Chihuahua; 12 November, 1888;

M. Abbott Frazar.

Xenospiza baileyi Bangs

Xenospiza baileyi Bangs, Proc. New England Zool. Club, 12, 1931, p. 87. Type. No. 45986, ad.c?; Jalisco: Bolaiios; 8 March, 1889; (W. B. Richard- son?).

I know of no instance that could possibly give better evidence of Outram Bangs' retentive memory for every bird skin that he ever handled than the circumstances that led to the naming of this bird. As he explained in the original description, the skin of the type had lain unnamed for many years in a "first series" tray. When he unpacked a finch that Alfred M. Bailey had recently collected in Mexico and forwarded to the M. C. Z. for identification, without saying a word Bangs went directly to the tray in question, selected the skin whose identity had been a mystery for so many years, compared it with Bailey's freshly collected specimen and lo, the two matched.

Aimophila quinquestriata septentrionalis van Rossem

Aimophila quinquestriata septentrionalis van Rossem, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.,

77, 7, 29 December, 1934, p. 485. Type. No. 222625, ad. cT; "Chihuahua" {i.e. Sonora): Hacienda de San

Rafael; 18 May, 1888; M. Abbott Frazar.

Aimophila humeralis asticta Griscom

Aimophila humeralis asticta Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 75, 1934, p. 417.

Type. No. 111800, ad.d"; Colima: Colima; 20 January, 1889; W. B. Richard- son.

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AlMOPHILA RUFESCENS ANTONENSIS Van Rossem

Aimophila rufescens antonensis van Rossem, Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist.,

9, 36, 1 October, 1942, p. 436. Type. No. 114601, ad. cf ; Sonora: La Chumata Mine, 4500 feet, Sierra de

San Antonio; 23 May 1905; W. W. Brown.

The type locality is in north central Sonora; Brown collected there in May and June 1905 for the late John E. Thayer. Col. Thayer gave some of the birds to Outram Bangs and they became a part of the Museum of Comparative Zoology collection when the museum ac- quired the Bangs Collection.

Aimophila rufescens subvespera Griscom

Aimophila rufescens subvespera Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 75, 1934 ,

p. 418. Type. No. 164571, ad. 9 ; Guerrero: Chilpancingo; 2 March, 1932; W. W.

Brown.

Aimophila ruficeps simulans van Rossem

Aimophila ruficeps simulans van Rossen, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 77, 7, 29

December, 1934, p. 486. Type. No. 222783, ad.cT; Chihuahua: Mina Abundancia; 20 April 1888; M.

Abbott Frazar.

Passerculus sandwichensis oblitus Peters and Griscom

Passerculus sandwichensis oblitus Peters and Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.,

80, 13, 19 January, 1938, p. 454. Type. No. 172949 (formerly no. 23851 National Museum of Canada), ad. d" ;

Manitoba: Churchill; 4 June, 1930; P. A. Taverner.

Passerculus sandwichensis crassus Peters and Griscom

Passerculus sandwichensis crassus Peters and Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp.

Zool., 80, 13, 19 January, 1938, p. 459. Type. No. 322033 (formerly no. 22033 J. E. Thayer Collection), <f ; Alaska:

Sitka; 25 August, 1915; W. W. Brown.

peters: supplementary list of types of birds 97

f Loxia curvirostra turkestanensis Griscom = Loxia curvirostra altaiensis Sushkin

Loxia curvirostra turkestanensis Griscom, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 41, 5,

1937, p. 187. Cotype. No. 98536, cf; Turkestan: Semiretschie region, vicinity of Naryn,

10,000 feet; 26 December, 1915; V. Dacenko. Cotype. No. 98537, 9 : Turkestan: Semiretschie region, vicinity of Naryn,

9000 feet; 4 December, 1915; V. Dacenko. Loxia curvirostra altaiensis Sushkin, List and distr. Bds. Russian Altai, etc.,

Leningrad, 1925, p. 66. Ongudai, Central Altai.

Turkestanensis is a manuscript name of Sushkin's which he wrote on the labels of two specimens in his collection that were acquired from him by the Museum of Comparative Zoology. Griscom inadvertently validated this manuscript name in his "Monographic Study of the Red Crossbill", but there are certain discrepancies between his account and the actual data on the specimens here claimed as cotypes. Briefly, the facts are these: Griscom writes "A pair from the Sushkin Coll. are before me from Naryn, Russian Turkestan, collected December 26, 1915. They are labelled 'turkestanensis' and this word has been crossed out and 'tianschaniea' has been added in another handwriting." Then follows diagnosis, measurements, and a statement that these speci- mens really represent altaiensis. It will be noted, however, that the male was the only one of the "pair" collected 26 December, the female having been taken three weeks previously. Moreover, while it is per- fectly true that both birds are labelled 'turkestanensis' in Sushkin's hand, that name has not been crossed out neither has 'tianschaniea' been added in another hand. At first I naturally supposed that the speci- mens referred to by Griscom must be in some collection other than that of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, but inquiry reveals that no specimens even approaching the data of the two Sushkin birds are to be found in any American Museum so the natural inference is that the statement about the erased name must be due to some confusion with other specimens.

Loxia curvirostra bangsi Griscom

Loxia enrvirostra bangsi Griscom, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 41, 5, 1937,

p. 191. Type. No. 142702, c? subadult; western Szechwan: Hadjaturgoo; 1 June,

1929; H. Stevens.

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LOXIA CURVIROSTRA MESAMERICANA GrisCOm

Loxia curvirostra mesamericana Griscom, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 41, 5,

January, 1937, p. 136. Type. No. 163123, ad. c? ; south-central Honduras: Rancho Quemado; 16

August, 1932; C. F. Underwood.

Loxia curvirostra neogaea Griscom

Loxia curvirostra neogaea Griscom, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 41, 5, January,

1937, p. 110. Type. No. 211094, <?; Maine: Lake Umbagog; 9 February, 1886; L. Sargent.

The type is one of a series originally aggregating forty-three birds; all of them were shot the same day and sent to William Brewster who himself prepared and sexed the entire number. In his catalogue- journal Brewster writes: "They reached me in fairly good condition and I skinned and dissected every one of them. The Crossbills were all breeding and there was not the slightest difficulty in sexing them. In fact the sex mark in every case is absolutely reliable."

The type is not in fully adult plumage there being a certain admix- ture of yellow feathers on the chest, center of abdomen occiput and back. Brewster sexed the type as "cf" in distinction from some desig- nated as "cf ad." or "<? yellow plumage".

I cannot help but feel that Griscom's renaming of the Red Crossbill of eastern North America was uncalled for. His chief basis for action was a photograph of the types of Crucirostra minor Brehm and Loxia pusilla Gloger, both in the Berlin Museum, published in Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist., 7, no. 30, 1934, to accompany an article by van Rossem on some types of North American birds in European museums. It had already been shown by Stresemann that Gloger's pusilla published in 1839 antedated Brehm's minor published in 1846 but he did not realize that two races were involved, van Rossem's examination of the types revealed the fact that in reality pusilla was one of the large-billed type of crossbill known as Loxia curvirostra percna Bent and that minor was a different subspecies. The photo- graph published was intended to show the difference in size of bill of the two specimens. While measurements of the large-billed form were given, none were appended of the small-billed bird; nevertheless Gris- com referred this bird to the small northwestern race sitkensis Grinnell, influenced no doubt by van Rossem whom he quotes as saying "the provisional type of minor as illustrated by me is definitely and unques- tionably the smallest billed bird of all". In as much as Griscom's

peters: supplementary list of types of birds 99

own measurements for neogaea are wing 86.5-91; culmen 15.5-17.5; depth of bill 9-10 and for minor (= sitkensis) wing 81.-88.5; culmen 13.5-15; depth of bill 8-8.8, it seems to me that the very slight men- sural differences make it rash to attempt any switch of names on the basis of an unseen and unmeasured type.

If this view is shared by others then the name of the smaller of the eastern races of Lo.via curvirostra will remain minor as in the 4th. edi- tion of the A. O. U. Checklist and neogaea will fall as a synonym.

f Erythrina edwardsii rubicunda Greenway = Erythrina edwardsii edwardsii Verreaux

Erythrina edwardsii rvMcunda Greenway, Bull. Mas. Comp. Zool., 74, 5,

20 February, 1933, p. 163. Type. No. 159303, ad.d"; Tibet: Su-Wa-Tong, upper slopes of Mt. Keni-

chumpo or Gomba-La, east slope of the Salween-Irawaddy Divide at

14,000 feet; July, 1931; J. F. Rock. Carpodacus edwardsii Verreaux, Nouv. Arch. Mus. 6, 1870, Bull. p. 39.

Mr. Greenway believes that he mistook post mortem color change for geographical variation.

Erythrina vinacea rubidior Greenway

Erythrina vinacea rubidior Greenway, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 74, 5, 20

February, 1933, p. 164. Type. No. 159258, ad.cf ; Tibet: mountains of Tung-la, 12,000-14,000 feet;

August, 1931; Joseph F. Rock.

Although not stated in the original description, the exact type locality is above Ho-fu-ping, on the west slope of the Pe-Ma-Shan, Yangtze-Mekong Divide.

Carpodacus argyrophrys Berlioz now Erythrina pulcherrima argyrophrys (Berlioz)

Carpodacus argyrophrys Berlioz, Bull, du Museum (2) 1, 1929, p. 131. Type. No. 238546, ad. d"; Kansu: Mt. Lieuhoashan, (between Choni and Titao); 16 July, 1925; J. F. Rock.

At the time Berlioz described this form he wrote me saying that his name was based upon the series in the Museum of Comparative Zool- ogy from Kansu, described at length by Peters and me (Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 68, 1928, p. 374-375) and asked me to mark as type a good characteristic male. This I have done as above.

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Stresemann (Orn. Mon. 38, 1930, p. 72-76) reviews this troublesome group of Rosy Finches, and, as it seems to me, reaches definite and final conclusions. [O.B.]

Linurgus kilimensis RUNGWENSis Bangs and Loveridge

Linurgus kilimensis rungwensis Bangs and Loveridge, Proc. New England

Zool. Club, 12, 1931, p. 96. Type. No. 148987, ad.cf; Tanganyika Territory: Nkuka Forest, Rungwe

Mountains; 9 April, 1930; Arthur Loveridge.

Spinus notatus oleaceus Griscom

Spinus notatus oleaceus Griscom, Proc. New England Zool. Club, 13, 7 Novem- ber, 1932, p. 61.

Type. No. 161011, ad. d"; Honduras: District of Achaga, Cerro Cantoral, 6500 feet; 6 December, 1931; C. F. Underwood.

Saltator atriceps flavicrissus Griscom

Saltator atriceps flavicrissus Griscom, Auk, 54, April, 1937, p. 198. Type. No. 172345, breeding d1 ; Guerrero: Isgusgilite; 15 May, 1936; W. W. Brown.

The locality is clearly written Isgusgilite in Brown's legible hand on the original label of the type and three other specimens of the series; on a fifth specimen it is written Isgusqilite and on the sixth bird "Esposcalete". Griscom in his description added a fourth variation, — Isguagilite.

Amaurospizopsis relictus Griscom

Amaurospizopsis relictus Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 75, 10 January,

1934, p. 412, fig. 1, p. 413, (generic details). Type. No. 164702, ad. c? ; Guerrero: mountains above Chilpancingo; 19 May,

1932; W. W. Brown.

I am not particularly impressed with the value of the generic char- acters relied upon to separate Amaurospizopsis from Amaurospiza, especially in view of the greater number of points of resemblance than of divergence; the large operculated nostril is common to both genera; there is no essential difference in the length or stiffness of the rictal bristles; the groove either side of the culmen and the faint ridges and grooves on the maxilla of Amaurospizopsis are indicated in some speci- mens of Amaurospiza; the shape of the bill is a matter of degree only;

peters: supplementary list of types of birds 101

Amaurospizopsis has a more rounded tail, a character not mentioned in the original diagnosis, but well shown in the drawing of the struc- tural details.

f Amaurospizopsis concolor Griscom = Amaurospizopsis relictus Griscom

Amaurospizopsis concolor Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 75, 10, January, 1934, expl. to plate.

Amaurospiza concolor australis Griscom

Amaurospiza concolor australis Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 75, 10,

January, 1934, p. 415. Type. No. 165751, imm. cf; Panama: Pacific slope of Chiriqui, Boquete,

5100 feet; 20 November, 1931; Rex R. Benson.

In the original description Griscom gave the catalogue number as 164571, an obvious error, and the age of the type as adult. There are four birds from western Panama all taken by Benson, the data for each are as follows : 165751, imm. cT, Chiriqui, Boquete, Quiel, 20 Nov. 1931, 5100 ft.

165752 ad. &, Chiriqui, Boquete, Cerro Punto, 16 Jan. 1932, 6200 ft.

165753 ad. d\ Chiriqui, Boquete, Cerro Punto, 11 Jan. 1932, 6200 ft.

165754 ad. d\ Chiriqui, Boquete, Cerro Punto, 6 Jan. 1932, 6100 ft. Thus it will be seen that in spite of the scrambled number and

erroneous age, number 165751 is the only specimen that corresponds with the data given for the type. Unfortunately at the time that Gris- com was revising these finches he failed to attach a red label or other- wise indicate which specimen he actually intended to use as the type.

Pheucticus chrysopeplus dilutus van Rossem

Pheucticus chrysopeplus dilutus van Rossem, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 77, 7,

29 December, 1934, p. 479. Type. No. 223067, ad. cT ; Chihuahua: La Trompa; 10 May, 1885; R. R.

McLeod.

COEREBIDAE

Diglossa baritula parva Griscom

Diglossa baritula parva Griscom, Proc. New England Zool. Club, 13, 7 Novem- ber, 1932, p. 61.

Type. No. 161010, ad. d" ; Honduras: District of Achaga, Rancho Quemado, 6700 feet; 5 April, 1932; C. F. Underwood.

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THRAUPIDAE

f Ramphocelus dimidiatus albirostris Griscom = Ramphocelus dimidiatus pallidirostris Hellmayr

Ramphocelus dimidiatus albirostris Griscom, Auk, 50, 3, 10 July, 1933, p. 307. Type. No. 108397, ad. d" ; Western Panama: Pacific slope of western Chiriqui,

Divala; 13 November, 1900; W. W. Brown. Tanagra albirostris Boddaert, Table PI. enlum., 1783, p. 8, a synonym of

Ramphocelus carbo carbo (Pallas). Ramphocelus dimidiatus pallidirostris Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Publ.,

Zool. Ser., 13, pt. 9, 1936, p. 256.

New name for R. d. albirostris Griscom, preoccupied.

PlRANGA ERYTHROCEPHALA CANDIDA Griscom

Piranga erythrocephala Candida Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 75, 10,

Jan., 1934, p. 410. Type. No. 222049, ad. cT ; Chihuahua (now Sonora) : Hacienda de San Rafael;

15 May, 1888; M. Abbott Frazar.

Habia rubica hesterna Griscom and Greenway

Habia rubica hesterna Griscom and Greenway, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 81, 2,

May ( = 10 June), 1937, p. 437. Type. No. 1 76738, ad. d* ; Brazil : Para, Patuna, on the right bank -of the

Rio Tapajoz; 26 June, 1933,; A. M. Olalla.

Habia rubica holobrunnea Griscom

Habia rubica holobrunnea Griscom, Occ. Papers Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 5, 1930,

p. 290. Type. No. 233707, ad. d"; Mexico: Vera Cruz, Montzorongo; 20 February,

1925; W. W. Brown.

Lanio leucothorax reversus Bangs and Griscom

Lanio leucothorax reversus Bangs and Griscom, Proc. New England Zool. Club,

13, 7 November, 1932, p. 53. Type. No. 147835; Costa Rica: Punta Arenas, Las Agujas; 9 October, 1929;

Austin Paul Smith.

Tangara cayana littoralis Griscom and Greenway

Tangara, cayana littoralis Griscom and Greenway, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 81,

2, May ( = 10 June), 1937, p. 436. Type. No. 145451, ad. d1; Surinam: near Paramaribo; 29 June, 1921; T. E.

Penard.

peters: supplementary list of types of birds 103

ICTERIDAE

Molothrus bonariensis riparius Griscom and Greenway

Molothrus bonariensis riparius Griscom and Greenway, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.,

81, 2, May ( = 10 June), 1937, p. 434. Type. No. 176543, ad. 9 ; Brazil: Rio Tapaj6z, Pinhy; 11 June, 1933; A. M.

Olalla.

Sturnella magna subulata Griscom

Sturnella magna subulata Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 75, 10, Jan., 1934,

p. 405. Type. No. 109448, ad. rf; Panama: Chiriqui (Pacific slope), Boquete, 4000 feet; 30 January, 1901; W. W. Brown.

f Icterus gualanensis Underwood = Icterus chrysater chrysater (Lesson)

Icterus gualanensis Underwood, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, no. 55, 1898, p. 59. Cotype. No. 113872, d"; Guatemala: Gualan; 4 August, 1897; C. F. Under- wood. Cotype. No. 113873, 9 ; Guatemala: Gualan; 11 July, 1897; C. F. Underwood. Xanthornus chrysater Lesson, Compl. Oeuvr. Buff on, 7, 1847, p. 332.

The two skins listed above were not recognized as "types" until Griscom found them to be such while at work on the Dwight collection of Guatemala birds. They were in Underwood's private collection of birds when that was purchased by Col. John E. Thayer, and presented to me, to come later to the Museum of Comparative Zoology. There may be other co types but I doubt it. [O.B.]

Icterus sclateri flammulatus Griscom

Icterus sclateri flammulatus Griscom, Proc. New England Zool. Club, 13, 7

November, 1931, p. 62. Type. No. 161012, ad. cf ; Honduras: Monte Redondo; 15 December, 1931;

C. F. Underwood.

Icterus pustulatus microstictus Griscom

Icterus pustulatus microstictus Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 75, 10, Jan.,

1934, p. 408. Type. No. 1 14624, ad. & ; Sonora: Guaymas; 22 February, 1905; W. W. Brown.

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EULABETIDAE Scissirostrum dubium pelingense Neumann

Scissirostrum dubium pelingense Neumann, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, 59, 21 Jan.,

1939, p. 47. Type. No. 270501, cf; Peling Island; 17 July, 1938; J. J. Menden.

PARADISEIDAE Parotia lawesi fuscior Greenway

Parotia lawesi fuscior Greenway, Proc. New England Zool. Club, 14, 25 Jan.,

1934, p. 2.

Type. No. 167002, ad. 9 ; Mandated Territory of New Guinea: Mt. Misim, 6400 feet; 19 December, 1933; Herbert Stevens.

Lophorina superba sphinx Neumann

Lophorina superba sphinx Neumann, Orn. Monatsb., 40, 1932, p. 121. Type. No. 153639, ad. 9 or yg. a" ; New Guinea, exact locality not known. Bought from Professor Oscar Neumann.

Paradisea rudolphi ampla Greenway

Paradisea rudolphi ampla Greenway, Proc. New England Zool. Club, 14, 25

Jan., 1934, p. 1. Type. No. 167001, ad.cf; Mandated Territory of New Guinea: Mt. Misim,

5700 feet; 5 April, 1933; Herbert Stevens.

CORVIDAE Crypsirina varians longipennis Neumann

Crypsirina various longipennis Neumann, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, 55, 30 April,

1935, p. 136.

Type. No. 170621, 9 ; Siam: Chantaboon; 21 February, 1930; C. J. Aagaard. Purchased from Professor Oscar Neumann.

Aphelocoma californica remota Griscom

Aphelocoma californica remota Griscom, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 75, 10, Jan.,

1934, p. 392. Type. No. 163815, ad. 9 ; Guerrero: Chilpancingo; 27 October, 1931; W. W.

Brown.

Xanthoura luxuosa maya van Rossem

Xanthoura luxuosa maya van Rossem, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 77, 7, 29 Decem- ber, 1934, p. 397. Type. No. 115266, ad. 9 ; Yucatan: Rio Lagartos; 1 June, 1893; W. W. Brown.

peters: supplementary list of types of birds 105

A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE PUBLISHED WRITINGS OF OUTRAM BANGS

By Margaret D. Porter

Titles in which Outram Bangs is sole author

1894. Another record of the breeding of the Saw-whet Owl (Nyctale acadia) in eastern Massachusetts. Auk, 11, 1 : 78, Jan.

Distribution of the Hudsonian Chickadee. Auk, 11, 1 : 82, Jan.

Synaptomys cooperii Baird in eastern Massachusetts; with notes on

Synaptomys stonei Rhoads, especially as to the validity of this species.

Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 9: 99-104, Apr. 14.

Description of a new Field Mouse (Arvicola terraenovae sp. nov.) from

Codroy, Newfoundland. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 9: 129-132,

pi. 2, July 27.

Description of a new muskrat from Codroy, Newfoundland. Proc. Biol.

Soc. Washington, 9: 133-138, Sept. 15.

1895. The geographical distribution of the eastern races of the cottontail (Lepus sylvaticus Bach.) with a description of a new subspecies and with notes on the distribution of the northern hare (Lepus americanus Erxl.) in the east. Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 26: 404-414, Jan. 31. Notes on North American mammals. Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 26: 1-17, July 31. (Author's separately paged reprint). Id: 529-546, Oct. (regular edition).

The present standing of the Florida Manatee, Trichechus latirostris (Harlan) in the Indian River waters. The American Naturalist, 29, 345: 783-787, Sept.

1896. A review of the weasels of eastern North America. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 10: 1-24, 3 pll, Feb. 25.

The Florida Deer. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 10: 25-28, Feb. 25. Notes on the synonymy of the North American Mink with description of a new subspecies. Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 27: 1-6, 2 pll., Mar. On a small collection of mammals from Lake Edward, Quebec. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 10: 45-52, Mar. 9.

An important addition to the fauna of Massachusetts. Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 27: 159-161, Oct.

The Cotton Mouse, Peromyscus gossypinus. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washing- ton, 10: 119-125, Nov. 5.

Preliminary description of the Newfoundland Caribou. 4 pp. printed for the author by Alfred Mudge & Son, Boston, Nov. 11, at 5 o'clock, P.M

106 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

Preliminary description of a new Vole from Labrador. The American

Naturalist, 30, 1896, 360: 1051, Dec. 1.

Some new mammals from Indian Territory and Missouri. Proc. Binl.

Soc. Washington, 10: 135-138, Dec. 28.

The skunks of the genus Mephitis of eastern North America. Proc

Biol. Soc. Washington, 10: 139-144, Dec. 28.

A review of the squirrels of eastern North America. Proc. Biol. Son

Washington, 10: 145-167, 3 pll., Dec. 28.

1897. A new White-footed Mouse from British Columbia. The American Naturalist, 31, 361 : 74-75, Jan.

Preliminary description of the Newfoundland Marten. The American

Naturalist, 31, 362: 161-162, Feb.

Preliminary description of a new race of the Eastern Vole from Nova

Scotia. The American Naturalist, 31, 363: 239-241, Mar.

Notes on the lynxes of eastern North America, with descriptions of two

new species. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 11: 47-51, 1 pi., Mar. 16.

Description of a new Red Fox from Nova Scotia. Proc. Biol. Soc.

Washington, 11: 53-55, Mar. 16.

On a small collection of mammals from Hamilton Inlet, Labrador.

Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 11: 235-240, 1 col. pi., Sept. 17.

A new race of Pine Squirrel from the coast region of northern California.

Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 11: 281-282, Dec. 30.

1898. A new name for the Nova Scotia Fox. Science, N. S., 7, 165: 271-272, Feb. 25.

The land mammals of peninsular Florida and the coast region of Georgia. Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 28, 7: 157-235, Mar. Descriptions of two new skunks of the genus Mephitis. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 12: 31-33, Mar. 24.

Descriptions of the Newfoundland Otter and Red Fox. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 12: 35-38, Mar. 24.

The eastern races of the American Varying Hare. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 12: 77-82, Mar. 24.

Description of a new White-footed Mouse from the Mount Baker Range, British Columbia. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 12: 83-84, Mar. 24.

Some new races of birds from eastern North America. The Auk, 15, 2: 173-183, Apr.

Cairns's Warbler (Dettdroica coerulescens caimsi) in Georgia on migra- tion. The Auk, 15, 2: 192, Apr.

A new raccoon from Nassau Island, Bahamas. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash- ington, 12: 91-92, Apr. 30.

Description of a new fox from Santa Marta, Colombia. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 12: 93-94, Apr. 30.

peters: supplementary list of types of birds 107

A new murine opossum from Margarita Island. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash- ington, 12: 95-96, Apr. 30.

On some birds from Santa Marta, Colombia. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash- ington, 12: 131-144, June 3.

A list of the mammals of Labrador. The American Naturalist, 32, 379 : 489-507, July.

On some birds from Pueblo Viejo, Colombia. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash- ington, 12: 157-160, Aug. 10.

Description of some new mammals from the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Colombia. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 12: 161-165, Aug. 10. A new race of the little Harvest Mouse from West Virginia. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 12: 167-168, Aug. 10.

A new name for the Georgia Old Field Mouse. Science, N. S., 8, 190: 214-215, Aug. 19.

On some birds from the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Colombia. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 12: 171-182, Oct. 31. On Sciurus variabilis from the Santa Marta region of Colombia. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 12: 183-186, Nov. 16.

A new Rock Vole from Labrador. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 12: 187-188, Nov. 16.

A new Sigmodon from the Santa Marta region of Colombia. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 12: 189-190, Dec. 30.

1899. A new pigmy Oryzomys from the Santa Marta region of Colombia. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 13: 9-10, Jan. 31.

The Florida Puma. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 13: 15-17, Jan. 31. A new race of Striped Spermophile from Missouri. Proc. New England Zool. CI., 1: 1-2, Feb. 8.

Notes on some mammals from Black Bay, Labrador. Proc. New England Zool. CI., 1: 9-18, Feb. 28.

The Florida Meadowlark. Proc. New England Zool. CI., 1: 19-21, Feb. 28.

A new lynx from the coast of California. Proc. New England Zool. CI., 1:23-25, Mar. 31.

A new race of chickaree. Proc. New England Zool. CI., 1: 27-29, Mar. 31.

A new Barred Owl from Corpus Christi, Texas. Proc. New England Zool. CI., 1: 31-32, Mar. 31.

On the subspecies of Manacus manacus (Linn.). Proc. New England Zool. CI., 1:33-37, Mar. 31.

The hummingbirds of the Santa Marta region of Colombia. The Auk, 16, 2: 132-139, 1 col. pl., Apr.

Descriptions of two new pikas from western North America. Proc. New England Zool. CI., 1: 39-42, June 5.

108 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

A new Gray Fox from the upper Mississippi Valley. Proc. New Eng- land Zool. CI., 1: 43-44, June 5.

A new rail from southern California. Proc. New England Zool. CI., 1 : 45-46, June 5.

The Labrador Spruce Grouse. Proc. New England Zool. CI., 1: 47-48, June 5.

Three new weasels from North America. Proc. New England Zool. CI., 1: 53-57, June 9.

Descriptions of some new mammals from western North America. Proc. New England Zool. CI., 1: 65-72, July 31.

On some new or rare birds from the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Colombia. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 13: 91-108, Nov. 11. A new bat from Colombia. Proc. New England Zool. CI., 1: 73-74, Nov. 24.

On a small collection of birds from San Sebastian, Colombia. Proc. New England Zool. CI., 1: 75-80, Dec. 27.

Description of a new weasel from the Rocky Mountains of British Colombia. Proc. New England Zool. CI., 1: 81-82, Dec. 27. The gray-breasted Wood Wrens of the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta. Proc. New England Zool. CI., 1: 83-84, Dec. 27.

1900. A new Jack Rabbit from western Mexico. Proc. New England Zool. CI., 1: 85-86, Feb. 23.

List of the mammals collected in the Santa Marta region of Colombia

by W. W. Brown, Jr. Proc. New England Zool. CI., 1: 87-102, 1 pi.,

Feb. 23.

A review of the Three-toed Woodpeckers of North America. The Auk,

17, 2: 126-142, Apr.

A new dove from the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Colombia. Proc.

New England Zool. CI., 1: 107-109, May 14.

Description of a new Rice Crackle. Proc. New England Zool. CI., 2:

11-12, June 30.

Notes on a collection of Bahama Birds. The Auk, 17, 3: 283-293, July.

List of Birds collected by W. W. Brown, Jr., at Loma del Leon,

Panama. Proc. New England Zool. CI., 2: 13-34, Sept. 20.

Three new rodents from southern Labrador. Proc. New England Zool.

CI., 2: 35-41, Sept. 20.

Description of a new squirrel from Panama. Proc. New England Zool.

CI., 2:43-44, Sept. 20.

Occurrence of the Little Blue Heron in Labrador. The Auk, 17, 4:

386, Oct.

1901. Birds of San Miguel Island, Panama, The Auk, 18, 1: 24-32, Jan.

A new Honey Creeper from San Miguel Island, Panama. Proc. New England Zool. CI., 2: 51-52, Feb. 8.

peters: supplementary list op types of birds 109

A new meadowlark from South America. Proc. New England Zool.

CI., 2: 55-56, Feb. 15.

A new Ground Dove from western Mexico. The Auk, 18, 3 : 257-258,

July.

On a collection of birds from the Liu Kiu Islands. Bull. Mus. Comp.

Zool., 36, no. 8: 255-269, July.

Notes on a small collection of mammals from the Liu Kiu Islands.

The American Naturalist, 35, no. 415: 561-562, July.

Notes on the American Rough-winged Swallows, with description of a

new subspecies. Proc. New England Zool. CI., 2: 57-60, July 31.

A new Ortalis from the Archipelago de las Perlas, Bay of Panama.

Proc. New England Zool. CI., 2: 61-62, July 31.

A new Phaethornis from the Santa Marta region of Colombia. Proc.

New England Zool. CI., 2: 63-65, July 31.

On an apparently unnamed race of Buteo borealis. Proc. New England

Zool. CI., 2:67-69, July 31.

The mammals collected in San Miguel Island, Panama, by W. W.

Brown, Jr. The American Naturalist, 35, 416: 631-644, Aug.

On a collection of birds made by W. W. Brown, Jr., at David and

Divala, Chiriqui. The Auk, 18, 4: 355-370, Oct.

Description of a new woodpecker from Chiriqui. Proc. New England

Zool. CI., 2: 99-100, Dec. 30.

1902. On a second collection of birds made in Chiriqui, by W. W. Brown, Jr. Proc. New England Zool. CI., 3: 15-70, Jan. 30.

Two new birds from San Miguel Island, Bay of Panama. Proc. New England Zool. CI., 3: 71-73, Mar. 31.

Descriptions of two new, insular blarinas from eastern Massachusetts. Proc. New England Zool. CI., 3: 75-78, Mar. 31.

Descriptions of ten new birds from the Santa Marta region of Colom- bia. Proc. New England Zool. CI,, 3: 81-90, Mar. 31. Chiriqui Mammalia. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., Cambridge, 39, 2: 17-51, Apr.

A new Long-billed Marsh Wren from eastern North America. The Auk, 19, 4:349-353, Oct.

The occurrence of boobies in numbers on the east coast of Florida during a storm. The Auk, 19, 4: 395-396, Oct.

Description of a new thrush from Chiriqui. Proc. New England Zool. CI., 3: 91-92, Oct. 10.

1903. Stejneger's catalogue of birds thus far recorded from the Liu Kiu Islands, Japan, revised with additions to date. Proc. New England Zool. CI., 3: 93-97, Feb. 6.

Description of a new race of the Great Blue Heron from the Galapagos Islands. Proc. New England Zool. CI., 3: 99-100, Feb. 6.

110 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

On a specimen of Galictis canaster Nelson. Proc. New England Zool. CI., 3: 101-102, Feb. 6.

A new race of Scotothorus veraepacis from Chiriqui. Proc. New England Zool. CI., 3: 103-104, Feb. 6.

Description of a new subspecies of Manacus candei (Parzud.). Proc. New England Zool. CI., 3: 105-106, Feb. 6.

A new race of the Carolina Chickadee from southern Florida. Proc. New England Zool. CI., 4: 1-2, Mar. 16.

A new wren from San Miguel Island, Bay of Panama. Proc. New Eng- land Zool. CI., 4: 3-4, Mar. 16.

The Louisiana Cardinal. Proc. New England Zool. CI., 4: 5-7, Mar. 24. A new race of Vireosylva josephae from Chiriqui. Proc. New England Zool. CI., 4: 9-10, Mar. 24.

Description of a new Neotoma from Mexico. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washing- ton, 16: 89-90, June 25.

The proper name of the Redwood Chickaree. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash- ington, 16: 99-100, June 25.

Birds and mammals from Honduras. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., Cam- bridge, 39, 6: 141-159, July.

1904. Two new subspecies of tropical American tyrant birds. Proc. Biol. Soc- Washington, 17: 113-114, May 18.

A correction of Barrows' record of Coccyzus pumilus from Concepcion del Uruguay. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 17: 165, Dec. 27. On a supposed continental specimen of Solenodon. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 17: 166, Dec. 27.

1905. Notes on the Deer Mice (Peromyscus) of some of the islands off the southern New England coast. Proc. New England Zool. CI., 4: 11-15, Feb. 28.

The vertebrata of Gorgona Island, Colombia. Introduction. Mam- malia. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., Cambridge, 46, 5: 87-89, June. Descriptions of seven new subspecies of American birds. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 18: 151-156, June 9.

What is Icterus gualanensis Underwood? Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 18: 167-169, June 29.

The name of the Panama Green Honey Creeper. Proc. Biol. Soc Washington, 18: 186, June 29.

The Cuban Crab Hawk, Urubitihga gundlachii (Cabanis). The Auk, 22, 3:307-309, July.

1906. Vertebrata from the savanna of Panama. Introduction. Mammalia. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Cambridge, 46, 12: 211-213, Jan.

The names of the Passenger Pigeon and the Mourning Dove. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 19: 43-44, Feb. 26.

peters: supplementary list of types of birds 111

Notes on birds from Costa Rica and Chiriqui, with descriptions of new forms and new records for Costa Rica. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 19: 101-112, July 30.

1907. On the Wood Rails, genus Aramides, occurring north of Panama. The American Naturalist, 41, 483: 177-187, Mar.

A new race of the Hepatic Tanager. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 22: 29-30, Mar. 27.

An owl, Rhinoptynx clamator (Vieill.) added to the Costa Rican ornis. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 22: 31-32, Mar. 27.

A new race of the Mangrove Cuckoo, from Grenada and the Grena- dines. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 22: 53-54, Apr. 18. A new Spiny-tail from the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Colombia. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 22: 55-56, Apr. 18.

On a collection of birds from western Costa Rica. The Auk, 24, 3: 287-312, July.

1908. Notes on the mammals of Block Island, Rhode Island. Proc. New Eng- land Zool. CI., 4: 19-21, Mar. 6.

On certain Costa Rican birds. Proc. New England Zool. CI., 4: 23-35,

Mar. 19.

A new name for the Texan Barred Owl. The Auk, 25, 3: 316, July.

Notes on birds from western Colombia. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington,

21: 157-162, July 27.

A new tyrant-bird from the Santa Marta region of Colombia. Proc.

Biol. Soc. Washington, 21: 163-164, July 27.

1909. Notes on some rare or not well-known Costa Rican birds. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 22: 29-38, Mar. 10.

List of the mammals of Labrador, in Grenfell's Labrador the Country and the People. Macmillan Company, App. 4: 458-468, Nov.

1910. A new race of the Pileated Woodpecker. Proc. New England Zool. CI., 4:79-80, Apr. 2.

A new gallinule from the Lesser Antilles. Proc. New England Zool. CI., 4: 81-82, Apr. 2.

Unrecorded specimens of two rare Hawaiian birds. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 23: 67-70, May 4.

New or rare birds from western Colombia. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 23:71-76, May 4.

A new humming bird from the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Colom- bia. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 23: 105-106, June 24. A new tinamou from Lake Titicaca. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 23: 107-108, June 24.

Two new woodpeckers from the Isle of Pines, West Indies. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 23: 173-174, Dec. 29.

112 bulletin: museum of comparative zoology

1911. A new bell-bird from Auckland Island. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 24: 23-24, Feb. 24.

Two new birds from the island of Molokai. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington,

24: 29-30, Feb. 24.

A new fantail from the Chatham Islands. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington,

24: 41-42, Feb. 24.

Descriptions of new American birds. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 24 :

187-190, June 23.

A new swift from Palestine. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 24: 195-196,

June 23.

1912. The